Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Disease surveillance is an essential component of public health and a core function of National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs), including to better prepare and respond to infectious diseases outbreaks. Strengthening NPHIs in their efforts to establish and maintain efficient surveillance systems is an opportunity to ensure future outbreak preparedness and response; yet, guidance on how to increase and prioritise capacity building efforts is limited. This study sought to investigate approaches to capacity building and training for disease surveillance at national level and understand the potential role of NPHIs.
METHODS: Qualitative study.
METHODS: This is a qualitative study, based on a literature review and interviews undertaken between June and November 2022. Fifty seven in-depth interviews were conducted in five countries: Côte d\'Ivoire, Ecuador, Madagascar, Namibia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants included a range of professionals from government, NPHIs, academic institutions and the private sector. Interviews were thematically analysed.
RESULTS: Selected countries varied in terms of their disease surveillance capacities, as well as in the structure of their surveillance systems and decision-making. Research identified shared priority areas for action at national level, identifying common challenges and opportunities: 1) capacity building, here specifically the need for a training agenda at national level to ensure sustainability and guide donor funded training offers; 2) data tools and technology-to help decision-makers select the best software tool to address countries\' identified need; 3) data sharing-the need for clear data sharing standards and norms for national to international data sharing; and 4) genomic sequencing-the need for national genomic surveillance strategies and reporting guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS: Addressing challenges and using opportunities to strengthen disease surveillance at national level is an important step to build capacity in this area and to help prevent future epidemic and pandemics globally. The findings of this study help decision-makers to identify priority areas for capacity building and understand the potential role and significance of NPHIs.
METHODS: Qualitative study.
METHODS: This is a qualitative study, based on a literature review and interviews undertaken between June and November 2022. Fifty seven in-depth interviews were conducted in five countries: Côte d\'Ivoire, Ecuador, Madagascar, Namibia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants included a range of professionals from government, NPHIs, academic institutions and the private sector. Interviews were thematically analysed.
RESULTS: Selected countries varied in terms of their disease surveillance capacities, as well as in the structure of their surveillance systems and decision-making. Research identified shared priority areas for action at national level, identifying common challenges and opportunities: 1) capacity building, here specifically the need for a training agenda at national level to ensure sustainability and guide donor funded training offers; 2) data tools and technology-to help decision-makers select the best software tool to address countries\' identified need; 3) data sharing-the need for clear data sharing standards and norms for national to international data sharing; and 4) genomic sequencing-the need for national genomic surveillance strategies and reporting guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS: Addressing challenges and using opportunities to strengthen disease surveillance at national level is an important step to build capacity in this area and to help prevent future epidemic and pandemics globally. The findings of this study help decision-makers to identify priority areas for capacity building and understand the potential role and significance of NPHIs.
摘要：
目的：疾病监测是公共卫生的重要组成部分，也是国家公共卫生研究所（NPHIs）的核心职能，包括更好地准备和应对传染病爆发。加强NPHI努力建立和维持有效的监测系统是确保未来疫情防范和应对的机会；然而，关于如何增加和优先考虑能力建设工作的指导是有限的。本研究旨在研究国家一级疾病监测能力建设和培训的方法，并了解NPHI的潜在作用。
方法：定性研究。
方法：这是一项定性研究，基于2022年6月至11月间进行的文献综述和访谈。在五个国家进行了57次深入访谈：科特迪瓦，厄瓜多尔,马达加斯加，纳米比亚,和沙特阿拉伯王国。与会者包括来自政府的一系列专业人士，NPHIs,学术机构和私营部门。对访谈进行了主题分析。
结果：选定国家的疾病监测能力各不相同，以及他们的监控系统和决策结构。研究确定了国家一级共同的优先行动领域，确定共同的挑战和机遇：1)能力建设，这里特别需要在国家一级制定培训议程，以确保可持续性并指导捐助者资助的培训计划；2）数据工具和技术-帮助决策者选择最佳软件工具来满足国家/地区确定的需求；3）数据共享-需要明确的数据共享标准和规范，以实现国家到国际的数据共享；4）基因组测序-需要国家基因组监测策略和报告指南。
结论：应对挑战和利用机遇加强国家层面的疾病监测是在这一领域建设能力和帮助预防全球未来流行病和大流行的重要一步。这项研究的结果有助于决策者确定能力建设的优先领域，并了解NPHI的潜在作用和意义。
方法：定性研究。
方法：这是一项定性研究，基于2022年6月至11月间进行的文献综述和访谈。在五个国家进行了57次深入访谈：科特迪瓦，厄瓜多尔,马达加斯加，纳米比亚,和沙特阿拉伯王国。与会者包括来自政府的一系列专业人士，NPHIs,学术机构和私营部门。对访谈进行了主题分析。
结果：选定国家的疾病监测能力各不相同，以及他们的监控系统和决策结构。研究确定了国家一级共同的优先行动领域，确定共同的挑战和机遇：1)能力建设，这里特别需要在国家一级制定培训议程，以确保可持续性并指导捐助者资助的培训计划；2）数据工具和技术-帮助决策者选择最佳软件工具来满足国家/地区确定的需求；3）数据共享-需要明确的数据共享标准和规范，以实现国家到国际的数据共享；4）基因组测序-需要国家基因组监测策略和报告指南。
结论：应对挑战和利用机遇加强国家层面的疾病监测是在这一领域建设能力和帮助预防全球未来流行病和大流行的重要一步。这项研究的结果有助于决策者确定能力建设的优先领域，并了解NPHI的潜在作用和意义。
