Abstract：
Research has drawn contradictory conclusions as to whether humans adjust meal size based on meal energy density (ED) or exhibit \'passive overconsumption\'. Recent observational research has suggested that meal EDs greater than 1.7-2 kcal/g are compensated for through consumption of smaller meal sizes. We tested the relationship between ED and meal size by examining energy intake of meals at three levels of ED: low (∼1.0 kcal/g), medium (1.7-2.0 kcal/g) and high (>3.0 kcal/g). Two randomised, crossover experiments were conducted with adult participants. In experiment 1 (n = 34, 62% female, mean age 37.4 years), participants were served a lunch including a familiar low, medium or high ED dessert to eat ad libitum. In experiment 2 (n = 32, 66% female, mean age 36.4 years), participants were served a lunch meal manipulated to be low, medium or high ED to eat ad libitum. For experiment 2, later energy intake (post-meal energy intake) was also measured. In experiment 1, participants consumed a similar amount of energy from the low vs. medium ED food. The high ED food was associated with an increased intake of approximately 240 kcals compared to medium (p < 0.001, Cohen\'s d = 2.31) and low (p < 0.001, Cohen\'s d = 4.42) ED foods. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in meal size (grams) between ED meals, resulting in a largely linear relationship between meal ED and energy intake across the three ED conditions (\'passive overconsumption\'). There were no differences in later energy intake between ED conditions. Contrary to recent suggestions, foods higher in ED were not associated with adjustments to meal size and were associated with increased energy intake across two experiments. Reformulation of foods high in ED may be an effective population level approach to reducing energy intake and obesity. Clinical trial registry number: NCT05744050; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05744050.
摘要：
关于人类是否根据膳食能量密度（ED）调整膳食大小或表现出“被动过度消费”，研究得出了矛盾的结论。最近的观察研究表明，大于1.7-2kcal/g的膳食ED可以通过消耗较小的膳食来补偿。WetestedtherelationshipbetweenEDandmealsizebyexaminingenergyadvantageofmealsatthreelevelofED:low(~1.0kcal/g),中等（1.7-2.0kcal/g）和高（>3.0kcal/g）。两个随机，交叉实验与成年参与者进行。在实验1中(n=34，62%为女性，平均年龄37.4岁)，参与者吃了一顿午餐，包括熟悉的低点，中或高ED甜点随意食用。在实验2中(n=32，66%为女性，平均年龄36.4岁)，参与者吃了一顿午餐，被操纵得很低，中等或高ED随意食用。对于实验2,还测量了后来的能量摄入(餐后能量摄入)。在实验1中，参与者消耗了相似量的能量中等ED食物。与中等（p<.001，科恩的d=2.31）和低（p<.001，科恩的d=4.42）相比，高ED食物的摄入量增加了约240kcals。在实验2中，ED膳食之间的膳食大小（克）没有显着差异，在三种ED条件下，膳食ED和能量摄入之间基本上呈线性关系(“被动过度消费”)。ED条件之间的后期能量摄入没有差异。与最近的建议相反，在两个实验中,ED含量较高的食物与膳食大小的调整无关,并且与能量摄入增加有关.重新配制高ED食物可能是减少能量摄入和肥胖的有效人群水平方法。临床试验登记号：NCT05744050;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05744050。
