PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Numerous efforts have been made to test the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning in healthy children and adult populations. However, only a small number of studies have tested this theory in children with cognitive-motor disorders, such as developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The present study aims to examine the individual and additive effects of a visual illusion and self-controlled practice on a golf putting task in children at risk for DCD based on the OPTIMAL theory. Forty children at risk for DCD (mean age = 8.57 ± 1.05 years) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (1-small visual illusion + self-controlled practice; 2-big visual illusion + self-controlled practice; 3-small visual illusion + yoked; 4-big visual illusion + yoked). Following 12 pretest trials of a golf putting task, the participants completed 5 blocks of 12 trials of practice on the first day. A retention test (12 trials) and a transfer dual-task test (12 trials) were conducted on the second day. The results indicated that in retention test the big visual illusion + self-controlled practice group was significantly better than the small visual illusion + yoked group (p = 0.01), while there was not any other significant difference between groups at retention test as well as between all groups at practice phase and transfer test (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). In other words, an additive effect has been observed just in the retention test but not the practice phase as well as transfer test. In general, the results of this study support the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning in children at risk for DCD and suggests to all educators who work with these children to use the combination of the visual illusion with self-controlled practice to improve the motor learning of children at risk for DCD.
摘要：
已经做出了许多努力来测试健康儿童和成人人群中运动学习的最佳理论。然而,只有少数研究在患有认知运动障碍的儿童中测试了这一理论，如发育协调障碍（DCD）。本研究旨在基于OPTIMAL理论，研究视错觉和自我控制练习对有DCD风险的儿童的高尔夫推杆任务的个体和累加效应。将40名有DCD风险的儿童（平均年龄=8.57±1.05岁）随机分为四个实验组（1-小视错觉+自控练习；2-大视错觉+自控练习；3-小视错觉+轭；4-大视错觉+轭）。在对高尔夫推杆任务进行12次预测试之后，参与者在第一天完成了12项练习试验中的5项.在第二天进行保留测试(12个试验)和转移双任务测试(12个试验)。结果表明，在保留测试中，大视觉错觉+自我控制练习组明显优于小视觉错觉+轭合组(p=0.01)，而保留试验组间以及实践阶段和转移试验组间没有任何其他显著差异(所有比较p>0.05)。换句话说,只是在保留测试中观察到了加性效应，而不是在实践阶段以及转移测试中。总的来说,这项研究的结果支持了有DCD风险儿童运动学习的OPTIMAL理论,并建议所有与这些儿童一起工作的教育者将视觉错觉与自我控制练习相结合,以改善有DCD风险儿童的运动学习.
