Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Ballet dancers have a high injury risk. We aimed to gain insight into the causes for acute and overuse injuries in ballet dancers and the level of implementation of injury prevention by ballet teachers/masters, as perceived by dancers.
METHODS: An international cross-sectional online-survey was based on the Fit-to-Dance Questionnaire and literature. Adult amateur, pre-professional, and professional ballet dancers reported the perceived causes of their injuries sustained in the previous 2 years. Multiple answers per injury were possible. Also, dancers rated the level of implementation of measures to prevent injury by their ballet teachers and ballet masters based on 21 items using a 5-point Likert scale. Causes were analyzed per-injury as well as per-dancer.
RESULTS: 188 ballet ensembles and 51 dance organizations were contacted, from which 192 ballet dancers (mean age 27 ±7.8 yrs, 83% females) responded. 119 dancers (62%) reported 203 acute and 164 (85%) reported 469 overuse injuries. Fatigue was the most frequently perceived cause for acute injuries in the per-injury (n=89, 43.8%) and per-dancer analysis (n=63, 32.8%). For overuse injuries, pressure from the teacher/master was most frequently perceived as cause in the per-injury analysis (n=240, 51.2%), specifically in pre-/professional dancers (n=233, 61.3%). In the per-dancer analysis, fatigue/overtraining scored highest for overuse injuries (n=107; 55.7%). Other causes were previous/repetitive injuries (acute-per-injury 26.1%, acute-per-dancer 22.4%; overuse-per-injury 46.3%, overuse-per-dancer 53.1%) or erroneous dance technique (acute-per-injury 24.6%, acute-per-dancer 21.9%; overuse-per-injury 47.8%, overuse-per-dancer 45.3%). With regard to perceived level of implementation of injury preventive measures by ballet teachers/masters to prevent musculoskeletal injuries, 2 items received high ratings, 12 moderate ratings and 6 low ratings.
CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue and pressure accounted for the majority of perceived causes for injuries. Perceived support by ballet teachers/masters regarding injury prevention was moderate to low. Future research should focus on the awareness, attitudes, and the important role of ballet teachers/masters for injury prevention in dancers.
METHODS: An international cross-sectional online-survey was based on the Fit-to-Dance Questionnaire and literature. Adult amateur, pre-professional, and professional ballet dancers reported the perceived causes of their injuries sustained in the previous 2 years. Multiple answers per injury were possible. Also, dancers rated the level of implementation of measures to prevent injury by their ballet teachers and ballet masters based on 21 items using a 5-point Likert scale. Causes were analyzed per-injury as well as per-dancer.
RESULTS: 188 ballet ensembles and 51 dance organizations were contacted, from which 192 ballet dancers (mean age 27 ±7.8 yrs, 83% females) responded. 119 dancers (62%) reported 203 acute and 164 (85%) reported 469 overuse injuries. Fatigue was the most frequently perceived cause for acute injuries in the per-injury (n=89, 43.8%) and per-dancer analysis (n=63, 32.8%). For overuse injuries, pressure from the teacher/master was most frequently perceived as cause in the per-injury analysis (n=240, 51.2%), specifically in pre-/professional dancers (n=233, 61.3%). In the per-dancer analysis, fatigue/overtraining scored highest for overuse injuries (n=107; 55.7%). Other causes were previous/repetitive injuries (acute-per-injury 26.1%, acute-per-dancer 22.4%; overuse-per-injury 46.3%, overuse-per-dancer 53.1%) or erroneous dance technique (acute-per-injury 24.6%, acute-per-dancer 21.9%; overuse-per-injury 47.8%, overuse-per-dancer 45.3%). With regard to perceived level of implementation of injury preventive measures by ballet teachers/masters to prevent musculoskeletal injuries, 2 items received high ratings, 12 moderate ratings and 6 low ratings.
CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue and pressure accounted for the majority of perceived causes for injuries. Perceived support by ballet teachers/masters regarding injury prevention was moderate to low. Future research should focus on the awareness, attitudes, and the important role of ballet teachers/masters for injury prevention in dancers.
摘要：
目的：芭蕾舞演员有很高的受伤风险。我们旨在深入了解芭蕾舞演员急性和过度使用伤害的原因，以及芭蕾舞老师/大师实施伤害预防的水平，正如舞者所感知的那样。
方法：一项基于“适合跳舞”问卷和文献的国际横断面在线调查。成人业余爱好者，专业前，专业芭蕾舞演员报告了他们在过去两年中受伤的原因。每次受伤可能有多个答案。此外，舞者使用5分的李克特量表根据21个项目对防止芭蕾舞老师和芭蕾舞大师受伤的措施的实施水平进行了评估。分析了每个受伤和每个舞者的原因。
结果：联系了188个芭蕾舞团和51个舞蹈组织，其中192名芭蕾舞演员(平均年龄27±7.8岁，83％的女性）回应。119名舞者（62％）报告了203名急性和164名舞者（85％）报告了469名过度使用伤害。在每次损伤（n=89，43.8％）和每次舞者分析（n=63，32.8％）中，疲劳是最常见的急性损伤原因。对于过度使用的伤害，在每次伤害分析中，来自教师/硕士的压力最常被视为原因(n=240，51.2%)，特别是在前/专业舞者中（n=233，61.3%）。在每个舞者分析中，过度使用损伤的疲劳/过度训练得分最高(n=107;55.7%)。其他原因是先前/重复性损伤（急性每次损伤26.1%，急性每次舞者22.4%；每次伤害过度使用46.3%，每次舞者过度使用53.1%)或错误的舞蹈技术(每次受伤急性24.6%，急性每次舞者21.9%；每次伤害过度使用47.8%，每个舞者过度使用45.3%)。关于芭蕾舞老师/大师实施伤害预防措施以预防肌肉骨骼伤害的感知水平，2项获得高评级，12个中等评级和6个低评级。
结论：疲劳和压力是造成伤害的主要原因。芭蕾舞老师/大师对伤害预防的支持是中等到低的。未来的研究应该集中在意识上，态度，以及芭蕾舞老师/大师在舞者中预防伤害的重要作用。
方法：一项基于“适合跳舞”问卷和文献的国际横断面在线调查。成人业余爱好者，专业前，专业芭蕾舞演员报告了他们在过去两年中受伤的原因。每次受伤可能有多个答案。此外，舞者使用5分的李克特量表根据21个项目对防止芭蕾舞老师和芭蕾舞大师受伤的措施的实施水平进行了评估。分析了每个受伤和每个舞者的原因。
结果：联系了188个芭蕾舞团和51个舞蹈组织，其中192名芭蕾舞演员(平均年龄27±7.8岁，83％的女性）回应。119名舞者（62％）报告了203名急性和164名舞者（85％）报告了469名过度使用伤害。在每次损伤（n=89，43.8％）和每次舞者分析（n=63，32.8％）中，疲劳是最常见的急性损伤原因。对于过度使用的伤害，在每次伤害分析中，来自教师/硕士的压力最常被视为原因(n=240，51.2%)，特别是在前/专业舞者中（n=233，61.3%）。在每个舞者分析中，过度使用损伤的疲劳/过度训练得分最高(n=107;55.7%)。其他原因是先前/重复性损伤（急性每次损伤26.1%，急性每次舞者22.4%；每次伤害过度使用46.3%，每次舞者过度使用53.1%)或错误的舞蹈技术(每次受伤急性24.6%，急性每次舞者21.9%；每次伤害过度使用47.8%，每个舞者过度使用45.3%)。关于芭蕾舞老师/大师实施伤害预防措施以预防肌肉骨骼伤害的感知水平，2项获得高评级，12个中等评级和6个低评级。
结论：疲劳和压力是造成伤害的主要原因。芭蕾舞老师/大师对伤害预防的支持是中等到低的。未来的研究应该集中在意识上，态度，以及芭蕾舞老师/大师在舞者中预防伤害的重要作用。
