PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Agrochemical exposure is a major contributor to ecological declines worldwide, including the loss of crucial pollinator species. In addition to direct toxicity, field-relevant doses of pesticides can increase species\' vulnerabilities to other stressors, including parasites. Experimental field demonstrations of potential interactive effects of pesticides and additional stressors are rare, as are tests of mechanisms via which pollinators tolerate pesticides. Here, we controlled honey bee colony exposure to field-relevant concentrations of 2 neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin and thiamethoxam) in pollen and simultaneously manipulated intracolony genetic heterogeneity. We showed that exposure increased rates of Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) parasitism and that while increased genetic heterogeneity overall improved survivability, it did not reduce the negative effect size of neonicotinoid exposure. This study is, to our knowledge, the first experimental field demonstration of how neonicotinoid exposure can increase V. destructor populations in honey bees and also demonstrates that colony genetic diversity cannot mitigate the effects of neonicotinoid pesticides.
摘要：
农药暴露是全球生态衰退的主要原因，包括关键传粉物种的丧失。除了直接毒性，与现场相关的杀虫剂剂量会增加物种对其他压力源的脆弱性，包括寄生虫.关于农药和其他压力源的潜在相互作用的实验现场演示很少见，传粉者耐受杀虫剂的机制测试也是如此。这里,我们控制了蜂群在花粉中暴露于与野外相关浓度的2种新烟碱类杀虫剂（噻虫胺和噻虫嗪），并同时操纵了殖民地内遗传异质性。我们表明，暴露增加了Varroadestructor（Anderson和Trueman）寄生率，而遗传异质性的增加总体上提高了生存能力，它没有减少新烟碱暴露的负面影响大小。这项研究是,根据我们的知识，首次实验现场演示了新烟碱类暴露如何增加蜜蜂中的V.destructor种群，并证明了殖民地遗传多样性不能减轻新烟碱类农药的影响。
