Abstract：
The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). Only three species from the first subfamily, Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Molluscipoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, can infect the human being. In the paediatric population, viruses belonging to the first two subfamilies have the greatest importance. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, vaccination of the general population was discontinued after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, nearly all children and most of the world\'s population had little to no protection against OPV. The aim of this chapter is to review the current evidence on the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Poxviridae infections in children.
摘要：
Poxviridae家族是一个普遍存在的大型病毒家族，细分为两个亚科：短波病毒科（脊椎动物的痘病毒）和天波病毒科（昆虫的痘病毒）。第一个亚科只有三个物种，正痘病毒(OPV),软体动物痘病毒和副痘病毒，可以感染人类。在儿科人群中，属于前两个亚家族的病毒具有最大的重要性。在1980年根除天花之后，在仔细考虑了风险和收益之后，停止了普通人群的疫苗接种。然而,几乎所有的儿童和世界上大多数人口对OPV几乎没有保护。本章的目的是回顾目前关于病因的证据，临床表现，儿童痘病毒科感染的诊断和管理。
