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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: With the development of emerging technologies, digital behavior change interventions (DBCIs) help to maintain regular physical activity in daily life.
OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively understand the design implementations of habit formation techniques in current DBCIs, a systematic review was conducted to investigate the implementations of behavior change techniques, types of habit formation techniques, and design strategies in current DBCIs.
METHODS: The process of this review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 4 databases were systematically searched from 2012 to 2022, which included Web of Science, Scopus, ACM Digital Library, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that used digital tools for physical activity, examined behavior change intervention techniques, and were written in English.
RESULTS: A total of 41 identified research articles were included in this review. The results show that the most applied behavior change techniques were the self-monitoring of behavior, goal setting, and prompts and cues. Moreover, habit formation techniques were identified and developed based on intentions, cues, and positive reinforcement. Commonly used methods included automatic monitoring, descriptive feedback, general guidelines, self-set goals, time-based cues, and virtual rewards.
CONCLUSIONS: A total of 32 commonly design strategies of habit formation techniques were summarized and mapped to the proposed conceptual framework, which was categorized into target-mediated (generalization and personalization) and technology-mediated interactions (explicitness and implicitness). Most of the existing studies use the explicit interaction, aligning with the personalized habit formation techniques in the design strategies of DBCIs. However, implicit interaction design strategies are lacking in the reviewed studies. The proposed conceptual framework and potential solutions can serve as guidelines for designing strategies aimed at habit formation within DBCIs.
OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively understand the design implementations of habit formation techniques in current DBCIs, a systematic review was conducted to investigate the implementations of behavior change techniques, types of habit formation techniques, and design strategies in current DBCIs.
METHODS: The process of this review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 4 databases were systematically searched from 2012 to 2022, which included Web of Science, Scopus, ACM Digital Library, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that used digital tools for physical activity, examined behavior change intervention techniques, and were written in English.
RESULTS: A total of 41 identified research articles were included in this review. The results show that the most applied behavior change techniques were the self-monitoring of behavior, goal setting, and prompts and cues. Moreover, habit formation techniques were identified and developed based on intentions, cues, and positive reinforcement. Commonly used methods included automatic monitoring, descriptive feedback, general guidelines, self-set goals, time-based cues, and virtual rewards.
CONCLUSIONS: A total of 32 commonly design strategies of habit formation techniques were summarized and mapped to the proposed conceptual framework, which was categorized into target-mediated (generalization and personalization) and technology-mediated interactions (explicitness and implicitness). Most of the existing studies use the explicit interaction, aligning with the personalized habit formation techniques in the design strategies of DBCIs. However, implicit interaction design strategies are lacking in the reviewed studies. The proposed conceptual framework and potential solutions can serve as guidelines for designing strategies aimed at habit formation within DBCIs.
摘要：
背景：随着新兴技术的发展，数字行为改变干预（DBCI）有助于在日常生活中保持规律的身体活动。
目的：为了全面了解当前DBCI中习惯形成技术的设计实现，进行了系统的审查，以调查行为改变技术的实施，习惯形成技术的类型，以及当前DBCI中的设计策略。
方法：本综述遵循PRISMA（系统综述和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）指南。从2012年到2022年，共系统地搜索了4个数据库，其中包括WebofScience，Scopus,ACM数字图书馆,和PubMed。纳入标准包括使用数字工具进行身体活动的研究，检查行为改变干预技术，用英语写的.
结果：本综述共纳入41篇研究文章。结果表明，应用最多的行为改变技术是行为的自我监控，目标设定,提示和提示。此外，习惯形成技术是根据意图确定和发展的，提示，和积极的强化。常用的方法包括自动监测，描述性反馈，一般准则，自我设定的目标，基于时间的线索，虚拟奖励
结论：总结了总共32种习惯形成技术的常用设计策略，并将其映射到所提出的概念框架中，分为目标介导的（泛化和个性化）和技术介导的相互作用（显性和隐性）。现有的大多数研究都使用显式交互，在DBCI的设计策略中与个性化习惯形成技术保持一致。然而,在综述的研究中，内隐交互设计策略是缺乏的。拟议的概念框架和潜在的解决方案可以作为设计旨在在DBCI中形成习惯的策略的指南。
目的：为了全面了解当前DBCI中习惯形成技术的设计实现，进行了系统的审查，以调查行为改变技术的实施，习惯形成技术的类型，以及当前DBCI中的设计策略。
方法：本综述遵循PRISMA（系统综述和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）指南。从2012年到2022年，共系统地搜索了4个数据库，其中包括WebofScience，Scopus,ACM数字图书馆,和PubMed。纳入标准包括使用数字工具进行身体活动的研究，检查行为改变干预技术，用英语写的.
结果：本综述共纳入41篇研究文章。结果表明，应用最多的行为改变技术是行为的自我监控，目标设定,提示和提示。此外，习惯形成技术是根据意图确定和发展的，提示，和积极的强化。常用的方法包括自动监测，描述性反馈，一般准则，自我设定的目标，基于时间的线索，虚拟奖励
结论：总结了总共32种习惯形成技术的常用设计策略，并将其映射到所提出的概念框架中，分为目标介导的（泛化和个性化）和技术介导的相互作用（显性和隐性）。现有的大多数研究都使用显式交互，在DBCI的设计策略中与个性化习惯形成技术保持一致。然而,在综述的研究中，内隐交互设计策略是缺乏的。拟议的概念框架和潜在的解决方案可以作为设计旨在在DBCI中形成习惯的策略的指南。
