Abstract：
Agricultural applications of nanotechnologies necessitate addressing safety concerns associated with nanopesticides, yet research has not adequately elucidated potential environmental risks between nanopesticides and their conventional counterparts. To address this gap, we investigated the risk of nanopesticides by comparing the ecotoxicity of nanoencapsulated imidacloprid (nano-IMI) with its active ingredient to nontarget freshwater organisms (embryonic Danio rerio, Daphnia magna, and Chironomus kiinensis). Nano-IMI elicited approximately 5 times higher toxicity than IMI to zebrafish embryos with and without chorion, while no significant difference was observed between the two invertebrates. Toxicokinetics further explained the differential toxicity patterns of the two IMI analogues. One-compartmental two-phase toxicokinetic modeling showed that nano-IMI exhibited significantly slower elimination and subsequently higher bioaccumulation potential than IMI in zebrafish embryos (dechorinated), while no disparity in toxicokinetics was observed between nano-IMI and IMI in D. magna and C. kiinensis. A two-compartmental toxicokinetic model successfully simulated the slow elimination of IMI from C. kiinensis and confirmed that both analogues of IMI reached toxicologically relevant targets at similar levels. Although nanopesticides exhibit comparable or elevated toxicity, future work is of utmost importance to properly understand the life cycle risks from production to end-of-life exposures, which helps establish optimal management measures before their widespread applications.
摘要：
纳米技术的农业应用需要解决与纳米农药相关的安全问题，然而，研究尚未充分阐明纳米农药与常规农药之间的潜在环境风险。为了解决这个差距，我们通过比较纳米包裹的吡虫啉（纳米IMI）及其活性成分对非靶标淡水生物的生态毒性来调查纳米农药的风险（胚胎Daniorerio，大型水蚤,和日本摇号）。纳米IMI对有和没有绒毛膜的斑马鱼胚胎的毒性比IMI高约5倍。而两种无脊椎动物之间没有显着差异。毒物动力学进一步解释了两种IMI类似物的不同毒性模式。单室两相毒物动力学建模表明，纳米IMI在斑马鱼胚胎中表现出比IMI明显更慢的消除和随后更高的生物积累潜力（脱甲），而在D.magna和C.kiinensis中没有观察到纳米IMI和IMI之间的毒物动力学差异。两室毒物动力学模型成功地模拟了从C.kiinensis中缓慢消除IMI，并证实了IMI的两种类似物以相似的水平达到了毒理学相关的目标。尽管纳米杀虫剂表现出相当或更高的毒性，未来的工作对于正确理解从生产到报废暴露的生命周期风险至关重要，这有助于在其广泛应用之前建立最佳管理措施。
