Abstract：
There is still considerable controversy about the relative risk of mycotoxin exposure associated with the consumption of organic and conventional cereals. Using validated protocols, we carried out a systematic literature review and meta-analyses of data on the incidence and concentrations of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Claviceps, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species in organic and conventional cereal grains/products. The standard weighted meta-analysis of concentration data detected a significant effect of production system (organic vs. conventional) only for the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, with concentrations ∼50% higher in conventional than organic cereal grains/products (p < 0.0001). Weighted meta-analyses of incidence data and unweighted meta-analyses of concentration data also detected small, but significant effects of production system on the incidence and/or concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, enniatin, beauvericin, ochratoxin A (OTA), and aflatoxins. Multilevel meta-analyses identified climatic conditions, cereal species, study type, and analytical methods used as important confounding factors for the effects of production system. Overall, results from this study suggest that (i) Fusarium mycotoxin contamination decreased between the 1990s and 2020, (ii) contamination levels are similar in organic and conventional cereals used for human consumption, and (iii) maintaining OTA concentrations below the maximum contamination levels (3.0 μg/kg) set by the EU remains a major challenge.
摘要：
关于与有机和常规谷物消费相关的霉菌毒素暴露的相对风险仍然存在相当大的争议。使用经过验证的协议，我们对镰刀菌产生的霉菌毒素的发生率和浓度数据进行了系统的文献综述和荟萃分析，Claviceps,青霉,有机和常规谷物/产品中的曲霉属物种。浓度数据的标准加权荟萃分析检测到生产系统的显着影响（有机与常规)仅适用于镰刀菌霉菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，传统谷物/产品的浓度比有机谷物/产品高50%(p<0.0001)。发病率数据的加权荟萃分析和浓度数据的未加权荟萃分析也检测到小，但生产系统对T-2/HT-2毒素的发生率和/或浓度有显著影响，玉米赤霉烯酮,Enniatin,Beauvericin,曲霉毒素A(OTA),还有黄曲霉毒素.多层次荟萃分析确定了气候条件，谷类品种,研究类型,和分析方法被用作影响生产系统的重要混杂因素。总的来说,这项研究的结果表明，（i）镰刀菌真菌毒素污染在1990年代至2020年之间有所下降，（ii）用于人类消费的有机和常规谷物的污染水平相似，和（iii）保持OTA浓度低于欧盟设定的最大污染水平（3.0μg/kg）仍然是一个主要挑战。
