Abstract：
Aerosol microparticles in exhaled breath carry non-volatile compounds from the deeper parts of the lung. When captured and analyzed, these aerosol microparticles constitute a non-invasive and readily available specimen for drugs of abuse testing. The present study aimed to evaluate a simple breath collection device in a clinical setting. The device divides a breath sample into three parallel \"collectors\" that can be individually analyzed. Urine was used as the reference specimen, and parallel specimens were collected from 99 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Methadone was used as the primary validation parameter. A sensitive multi-analyte method using tandem liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry was developed and validated as part of the project. The method was successfully validated for 36 analytes with a limit of detection of 1 pg/collector for most compounds. Based on the validation results tetrahydrocannabinol THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are suitable for qualitative analysis, but all other analytes can be quantitively assessed by the method. Methadone was positive in urine in 97 cases and detected in exhaled breath in 98 cases. Median methadone concentration was 64 pg/collector. The methadone metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) was detected in 90 % of the cases but below 10 pg/collector in most. Amphetamine was also present in the urine in 17 cases and in exhaled breath in 16 cases. Several other substances were detected in the exhaled breath and urine samples, but at a lower frequency. This study concluded that the device provides a specimen from exhaled breath, that is useful for drugs of abuse testing. The results show that high analytical sensitivity is needed to achieve good detectability and detection time after intake.
摘要：
呼出气中的气溶胶微粒携带来自肺部深处的非挥发性化合物。当被捕获和分析时，这些气溶胶微粒构成了用于滥用药物测试的非侵入性且易于获得的样本。本研究旨在评估临床环境中的简单呼吸收集设备。该设备将呼吸样本分为三个平行的“收集器”，可以单独分析。尿液作为参考样本,并从99例接受美沙酮维持治疗的患者中收集平行标本。美沙酮用作主要验证参数。作为该项目的一部分，开发并验证了一种使用串联液相色谱-质谱的灵敏多分析物方法。该方法已成功用于36种分析物，大多数化合物的检出限为1pg/捕收剂。基于验证结果四氢大麻酚THC)，大麻二酚（CBD），和麦角酰二乙胺（LSD）适用于定性分析，但所有其他分析物可以通过该方法定量评估。尿液中美沙酮阳性97例，呼气中检出98例。美沙酮浓度中位数为64μg/捕收剂。在90％的病例中检测到美沙酮代谢物2-亚乙基-1,5-二甲基-3,3-二苯基吡咯烷（EDDP），但大多数情况下低于10pg/捕收剂。17例尿液中也存在苯丙胺，16例呼气中也存在苯丙胺。在呼气和尿液样本中检测到其他几种物质，但频率较低。这项研究得出结论，该设备提供了呼气样本，这对滥用药物测试很有用。结果表明，需要较高的分析灵敏度才能获得良好的检测能力和摄入后的检测时间。
