Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: There is ample theoretical and experimental evidence that angiosperms harbouring self-incompatibility (SI) systems are likely to respond to global changes in unique ways relative to taxa with other mating systems. In this paper, we present an updated database on the prevalence of SI systems across angiosperms and examine the relationship between the presence of SI and latitude, biomes, life-history traits and management conditions to evaluate the potential vulnerability of SI taxa to climate change and habitat disturbance.
METHODS: We performed literature searches to identify studies that employed controlled crosses, microscopic analyses and/or genetic data to classify taxa as having SI, self-compatibility (SC), partial self-compatibility (PSC) or self-sterility (SS). Where described, the site of the SI reaction and the presence of dimorphic versus monomorphic flowers were also recorded. We then combined this database on the distribution of mating systems with information about the life span, growth habit, management conditions and geographic distribution of taxa. Information about the geographic distribution of taxa was obtained from a manually curated version of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database, and from vegetation surveys encompassing 9 biomes. We employed multinomial logit regression to assess the relationship between mating system and life-history traits, management condition, latitude and latitude-squared using self-compatible taxa as the baseline. Additionally, we employed LOESS regression to examine the relationship between the probability of SI and latitude. Finally, by summarizing information at the family level, we plotted the distribution of SI systems across angiosperms including information about the presence of SI or dioecy, the inferred reaction site of the SI system when known, as well as the proportion of taxa in a family for which information is available.
RESULTS: We obtained information about the SI status of 5686 hermaphroditic taxa, of which 55% exhibited SC, and the remaining 45% harbour SI, self-sterility (SS), or PSC. Highlights of the multinomial logit regression include that taxa with PSC have a greater odds of being short- (OR=1.3) or long- (OR=1.57) lived perennials relative to SC ones, and that SS/SI taxa (pooled) are less likely to be annuals (OR=0.64) and more likely to be long-lived perennials (OR=1.32). SS/SI taxa had a greater odds of being succulent (OR=2.4) or a tree (OR=2.05), and were less likely to be weeds (OR=0.34). Further, we find a quadratic relationship between the probability of being SI with latitude: SI taxa were more common in the tropics, a finding that was further supported by the vegetation surveys which showed fewer species with SS/SI in temperate and northern latitudes compared to mediterranean and tropical biomes.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in the short-term habitat fragmentation, pollinator loss and temperature increases may negatively impact plants with SI systems, particularly long-lived perennial and woody species dominant in tropical forests. In the longer term, these and other global changes are likely to select for self-compatible or partially self-compatible taxa which, due to the apparent importance of SI as a driver of plant diversification across the angiosperm tree of life, may globally influence plant species richness.
METHODS: We performed literature searches to identify studies that employed controlled crosses, microscopic analyses and/or genetic data to classify taxa as having SI, self-compatibility (SC), partial self-compatibility (PSC) or self-sterility (SS). Where described, the site of the SI reaction and the presence of dimorphic versus monomorphic flowers were also recorded. We then combined this database on the distribution of mating systems with information about the life span, growth habit, management conditions and geographic distribution of taxa. Information about the geographic distribution of taxa was obtained from a manually curated version of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database, and from vegetation surveys encompassing 9 biomes. We employed multinomial logit regression to assess the relationship between mating system and life-history traits, management condition, latitude and latitude-squared using self-compatible taxa as the baseline. Additionally, we employed LOESS regression to examine the relationship between the probability of SI and latitude. Finally, by summarizing information at the family level, we plotted the distribution of SI systems across angiosperms including information about the presence of SI or dioecy, the inferred reaction site of the SI system when known, as well as the proportion of taxa in a family for which information is available.
RESULTS: We obtained information about the SI status of 5686 hermaphroditic taxa, of which 55% exhibited SC, and the remaining 45% harbour SI, self-sterility (SS), or PSC. Highlights of the multinomial logit regression include that taxa with PSC have a greater odds of being short- (OR=1.3) or long- (OR=1.57) lived perennials relative to SC ones, and that SS/SI taxa (pooled) are less likely to be annuals (OR=0.64) and more likely to be long-lived perennials (OR=1.32). SS/SI taxa had a greater odds of being succulent (OR=2.4) or a tree (OR=2.05), and were less likely to be weeds (OR=0.34). Further, we find a quadratic relationship between the probability of being SI with latitude: SI taxa were more common in the tropics, a finding that was further supported by the vegetation surveys which showed fewer species with SS/SI in temperate and northern latitudes compared to mediterranean and tropical biomes.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in the short-term habitat fragmentation, pollinator loss and temperature increases may negatively impact plants with SI systems, particularly long-lived perennial and woody species dominant in tropical forests. In the longer term, these and other global changes are likely to select for self-compatible or partially self-compatible taxa which, due to the apparent importance of SI as a driver of plant diversification across the angiosperm tree of life, may globally influence plant species richness.
摘要：
目的：有充分的理论和实验证据表明，相对于具有其他交配系统的分类单元，具有自交不亲和（SI）系统的被子植物可能以独特的方式响应全球变化。在本文中,我们提供了一个关于被子植物SI系统患病率的更新数据库，并检查了SI的存在与纬度之间的关系，生物群落，生活史特征和管理条件，以评估SI分类单元对气候变化和栖息地干扰的潜在脆弱性。
方法：我们进行了文献检索，以确定采用对照杂交的研究，显微镜分析和/或遗传数据，将分类单元分类为具有SI，自兼容性（SC），部分自我相容性（PSC）或自我不育（SS）。在描述的地方，还记录了SI反应的位置以及二态与单态花的存在。然后，我们将有关交配系统分布的数据库与有关寿命的信息相结合，成长习惯,类群的管理条件和地理分布。有关分类单元地理分布的信息是从全球生物多样性信息设施数据库的手动策划版本中获得的，以及包括9个生物群落的植被调查。我们采用多项logit回归来评估交配系统与生活史特征之间的关系，管理条件,纬度和纬度平方，使用自兼容分类单元作为基线。此外,我们采用LOESS回归来检验SI概率与纬度之间的关系。最后,通过总结家庭层面的信息，我们绘制了SI系统在被子植物中的分布，包括有关SI或dioecy存在的信息，SI系统的推断反应位点，当已知时，以及可获得信息的家庭中分类单元的比例。
结果：我们获得了有关5686雌雄同体分类群的SI状态的信息，其中55%表现为SC，剩下的45%港口SI，自我不育（SS），或PSC。多项logit回归的亮点包括，与SC相比，具有PSC的分类单元具有更高的短（OR=1.3）或长（OR=1.57）多年生植物的几率，SS/SI分类单元(合并)不太可能是一年生植物(OR=0.64)，更可能是长寿多年生植物(OR=1.32)。SS/SI分类单元多汁（OR=2.4）或树木（OR=2.05）的可能性更大，并且不太可能是杂草（OR=0.34）。Further,我们发现SI的概率与纬度之间存在二次关系：SI分类单元在热带地区更为常见，植被调查进一步支持了这一发现，该发现显示，与地中海和热带生物群落相比，温带和北纬度的SS/SI物种较少。
结论：我们得出的结论是，在短期生境破碎化过程中，授粉者损失和温度升高可能会对使用SI系统的植物产生负面影响，特别是在热带森林中占主导地位的长寿多年生和木本植物。从长远来看，这些和其他全球变化可能会选择自兼容或部分自兼容的分类单元，由于SI作为整个被子植物生命树的植物多样化的驱动力的明显重要性，可能会在全球范围内影响植物物种的丰富度。
方法：我们进行了文献检索，以确定采用对照杂交的研究，显微镜分析和/或遗传数据，将分类单元分类为具有SI，自兼容性（SC），部分自我相容性（PSC）或自我不育（SS）。在描述的地方，还记录了SI反应的位置以及二态与单态花的存在。然后，我们将有关交配系统分布的数据库与有关寿命的信息相结合，成长习惯,类群的管理条件和地理分布。有关分类单元地理分布的信息是从全球生物多样性信息设施数据库的手动策划版本中获得的，以及包括9个生物群落的植被调查。我们采用多项logit回归来评估交配系统与生活史特征之间的关系，管理条件,纬度和纬度平方，使用自兼容分类单元作为基线。此外,我们采用LOESS回归来检验SI概率与纬度之间的关系。最后,通过总结家庭层面的信息，我们绘制了SI系统在被子植物中的分布，包括有关SI或dioecy存在的信息，SI系统的推断反应位点，当已知时，以及可获得信息的家庭中分类单元的比例。
结果：我们获得了有关5686雌雄同体分类群的SI状态的信息，其中55%表现为SC，剩下的45%港口SI，自我不育（SS），或PSC。多项logit回归的亮点包括，与SC相比，具有PSC的分类单元具有更高的短（OR=1.3）或长（OR=1.57）多年生植物的几率，SS/SI分类单元(合并)不太可能是一年生植物(OR=0.64)，更可能是长寿多年生植物(OR=1.32)。SS/SI分类单元多汁（OR=2.4）或树木（OR=2.05）的可能性更大，并且不太可能是杂草（OR=0.34）。Further,我们发现SI的概率与纬度之间存在二次关系：SI分类单元在热带地区更为常见，植被调查进一步支持了这一发现，该发现显示，与地中海和热带生物群落相比，温带和北纬度的SS/SI物种较少。
结论：我们得出的结论是，在短期生境破碎化过程中，授粉者损失和温度升高可能会对使用SI系统的植物产生负面影响，特别是在热带森林中占主导地位的长寿多年生和木本植物。从长远来看，这些和其他全球变化可能会选择自兼容或部分自兼容的分类单元，由于SI作为整个被子植物生命树的植物多样化的驱动力的明显重要性，可能会在全球范围内影响植物物种的丰富度。
