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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem globally. The disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, but there have been limited recent studies about the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from various clinical specimens.
OBJECTIVE: Aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, northwestern Ethiopia.
METHODS: A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated from all clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Salmonella Comprehensive Specialised Hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 3rd, 2022. A total of 26,154 data points were collected using a checklist of records of laboratory registration. Clinical specimens were collected, inoculated, and incubated for about a week with visual inspection for growth and gram staining. The isolates were grown on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Pure colonies were identified with a conventional biochemical test, and those unidentified at the species level were further identified by the analytical profile index-20E. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates was identified using the criteria set by Magiorakos. Finally, the data was cleaned and checked for completeness and then entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Then the results were displayed using tables and figures.
RESULTS: Of the total 26,154 Salmonella suspected clinical samples, 41 (0.16%) Salmonella species were isolated. Most of the Salmonella isolates, 19 (46.3%), were in the age group of less than 18 years, followed by the age group of 19-44 years, 11 (26.8%). In this study, S. enterica subsp. arizonae accounts for the highest 21 (51%), followed by S. paratyphi A 9 (22%). Of the Salmonella isolates, S. typhi were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, each accounting for 83.3%. Furthermore, S. paratyphi A was resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.9%), and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The overall multi-drug resistance prevalence was 22 (53.7%; 95% CI: 39.7-61). Accordingly, S. paratyphi A was 100% multidrug-resistant, followed by S. typhi (66.6%).
CONCLUSIONS: A low prevalence of Salmonella species was observed in the past six years. Moreover, most S. typhi and S. paratyphi strains in the study area were found to be resistant to routinely recommended antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, compared to what was reported earlier. In addition, all isolates of S. paratyphi A and the majority of S. typhi were multidrug resistant. Therefore, health professionals should consider antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use antibiotics with caution for Salmonellosis management.
OBJECTIVE: Aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, northwestern Ethiopia.
METHODS: A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated from all clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Salmonella Comprehensive Specialised Hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 3rd, 2022. A total of 26,154 data points were collected using a checklist of records of laboratory registration. Clinical specimens were collected, inoculated, and incubated for about a week with visual inspection for growth and gram staining. The isolates were grown on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Pure colonies were identified with a conventional biochemical test, and those unidentified at the species level were further identified by the analytical profile index-20E. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates was identified using the criteria set by Magiorakos. Finally, the data was cleaned and checked for completeness and then entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Then the results were displayed using tables and figures.
RESULTS: Of the total 26,154 Salmonella suspected clinical samples, 41 (0.16%) Salmonella species were isolated. Most of the Salmonella isolates, 19 (46.3%), were in the age group of less than 18 years, followed by the age group of 19-44 years, 11 (26.8%). In this study, S. enterica subsp. arizonae accounts for the highest 21 (51%), followed by S. paratyphi A 9 (22%). Of the Salmonella isolates, S. typhi were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, each accounting for 83.3%. Furthermore, S. paratyphi A was resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.9%), and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The overall multi-drug resistance prevalence was 22 (53.7%; 95% CI: 39.7-61). Accordingly, S. paratyphi A was 100% multidrug-resistant, followed by S. typhi (66.6%).
CONCLUSIONS: A low prevalence of Salmonella species was observed in the past six years. Moreover, most S. typhi and S. paratyphi strains in the study area were found to be resistant to routinely recommended antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, compared to what was reported earlier. In addition, all isolates of S. paratyphi A and the majority of S. typhi were multidrug resistant. Therefore, health professionals should consider antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use antibiotics with caution for Salmonellosis management.
摘要：
背景：多药耐药沙门氏菌病仍然是全球重要的公共卫生问题。该疾病是发展中国家发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一，但是最近关于患病率的研究有限，抗菌素耐药性，以及各种临床标本中沙门氏菌分离株的多药耐药模式。
目的：旨在评估患病率，抗菌素耐药性，以及冈达尔大学综合专科医院临床标本中沙门氏菌分离株的多药耐药模式，埃塞俄比亚西北部。
方法：进行了一项以医院为基础的回顾性横断面研究，以确定患病率，抗菌素耐药性，和多药耐药模式分离从所有临床标本冈达沙门菌大学综合专科医院，从6月1日，2017年6月3日,2022年。使用实验室注册记录清单收集了总共26,154个数据点。收集临床标本,接种,并孵育约一周,目视检查生长和革兰氏染色。分离物在MacConkey琼脂和木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂上生长。通过常规生化测试鉴定了纯菌落，而那些在物种水平上未确定的则通过分析概况指数-20E进一步确定。然后，通过Kirby-Bauer椎间盘扩散技术确定抗菌药物敏感性。使用Magiorakos设定的标准鉴定了多药耐药性沙门氏菌分离株。最后,数据被清理并检查是否完整,然后输入SPSS版本26进行分析.然后使用表格和图形显示结果。
结果：在总共26,154例疑似沙门氏菌临床样本中，分离出41种(0.16%)沙门氏菌。大多数沙门氏菌分离株,19（46.3%），年龄在18岁以下，其次是19-44岁的年龄组，11（26.8%）。在这项研究中,S、肠子。亚利桑那州占最高的21人(51%)，其次是副伤寒链球菌A9（22%）。沙门氏菌分离株中，伤寒链球菌对氨苄青霉素具有高度耐药性(100%)，其次是四环素和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑，各占83.3%。此外，甲型副伤寒对氨苄西林耐药（100%），四环素(88.9%),和氯霉素(88.9%)。总体多重耐药患病率为22（53.7％；95％CI：39.7-61）。因此，甲型副伤寒是100%多重耐药的，其次是伤寒沙门氏菌(66.6%)。
结论：在过去六年中观察到沙门氏菌的低流行率。此外，研究区域中的大多数伤寒沙门氏菌和副伤寒沙门氏菌菌株被发现对常规推荐的抗生素如环丙沙星和头孢曲松具有耐药性，与之前报道的相比。此外,所有的副伤寒沙门氏菌和大多数伤寒沙门氏菌的分离株都是多重耐药的。因此,卫生专业人员应考虑进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,并谨慎使用抗生素治疗沙门氏菌病.
目的：旨在评估患病率，抗菌素耐药性，以及冈达尔大学综合专科医院临床标本中沙门氏菌分离株的多药耐药模式，埃塞俄比亚西北部。
方法：进行了一项以医院为基础的回顾性横断面研究，以确定患病率，抗菌素耐药性，和多药耐药模式分离从所有临床标本冈达沙门菌大学综合专科医院，从6月1日，2017年6月3日,2022年。使用实验室注册记录清单收集了总共26,154个数据点。收集临床标本,接种,并孵育约一周,目视检查生长和革兰氏染色。分离物在MacConkey琼脂和木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂上生长。通过常规生化测试鉴定了纯菌落，而那些在物种水平上未确定的则通过分析概况指数-20E进一步确定。然后，通过Kirby-Bauer椎间盘扩散技术确定抗菌药物敏感性。使用Magiorakos设定的标准鉴定了多药耐药性沙门氏菌分离株。最后,数据被清理并检查是否完整,然后输入SPSS版本26进行分析.然后使用表格和图形显示结果。
结果：在总共26,154例疑似沙门氏菌临床样本中，分离出41种(0.16%)沙门氏菌。大多数沙门氏菌分离株,19（46.3%），年龄在18岁以下，其次是19-44岁的年龄组，11（26.8%）。在这项研究中,S、肠子。亚利桑那州占最高的21人(51%)，其次是副伤寒链球菌A9（22%）。沙门氏菌分离株中，伤寒链球菌对氨苄青霉素具有高度耐药性(100%)，其次是四环素和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑，各占83.3%。此外，甲型副伤寒对氨苄西林耐药（100%），四环素(88.9%),和氯霉素(88.9%)。总体多重耐药患病率为22（53.7％；95％CI：39.7-61）。因此，甲型副伤寒是100%多重耐药的，其次是伤寒沙门氏菌(66.6%)。
结论：在过去六年中观察到沙门氏菌的低流行率。此外，研究区域中的大多数伤寒沙门氏菌和副伤寒沙门氏菌菌株被发现对常规推荐的抗生素如环丙沙星和头孢曲松具有耐药性，与之前报道的相比。此外,所有的副伤寒沙门氏菌和大多数伤寒沙门氏菌的分离株都是多重耐药的。因此,卫生专业人员应考虑进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,并谨慎使用抗生素治疗沙门氏菌病.
