Abstract：
Realistic images became available for the first time. The first major figure was Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530). He made contributions to knowledge. He stated the dura was attached all over the interior of the cranium not just at the sutures. He also noted that deterioration following traumatic hematomas was speedier the deeper within the brain the bleed had occurred and he noticed that post-traumatic neurological deficits were contralateral. Moreover, he introduced new instruments of a practical design. Specifically, he launched trepanation using a brace and bit handle. This instrument required two hands and rotated the trepan in the same direction all the time. In addition, he illustrated a crown trepan in which the bits could be interchanged. He also developed an improved elevator. He also provided the first drawing of a lenticular. The next illustrations came from Vidus Vidius (1509-1569). The illustrations in his text were elegant and realistic but some of them were impractical or unusable. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was a major surgeon. He designed an improved brace and bit trepan with a collar to control penetration. He also introduced instruments for expanding a cranial opening by biting up the bone and for depressing the dura to enable material to escape more easily.
摘要：
真实的图像首次可用。第一个主要人物是BerengariodaCarpi（1460-1530）。他为知识做出了贡献。他说，硬脑膜不仅固定在缝合线上，而且固定在头盖骨内部。他还指出，出血发生在大脑深处，创伤性血肿后的恶化速度越快，他注意到创伤后神经功能缺损是对侧的。此外，他介绍了实用设计的新仪器。具体来说,他使用支架和钻头把手启动了钻孔。该仪器需要两只手，并且一直以相同的方向旋转套头。此外,他举例说明了一个皇冠套头，其中的钻头可以互换。他还开发了一种改进的电梯。他还提供了透镜状透镜的第一张图。接下来的插图来自VidusVidius（1509-1569）。他的文字中的插图优雅而逼真，但其中一些不切实际或无法使用。AmbroiseParé（1510-1590）是一位主要的外科医生。他设计了一种改进的支架和钻头套头，带有项圈以控制渗透。他还介绍了通过咬住骨头来扩大颅骨开口和压制硬脑膜以使材料更容易逃脱的仪器。
