Abstract：
Farmland soil organisms frequently encounter pesticide mixtures presented in their living environment. However, the underlying toxic mechanisms employed by soil animals to cope with such combined pollution have yet to be explored. This investigation aimed to reveal the changes in cellular and mRNA levels under chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) co-exposures in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Results exhibited that the combination of CPF and LCT triggered an acute synergistic influence on the animals. Most exposures resulted in significant alterations in the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), caspase 3, and carboxylesterase (CarE) compared to the basal level. Moreover, when exposed to chemical mixtures, the transcription levels of four genes [heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), gst, sod, and calreticulin (crt)] also displayed more pronounced changes compared with their individual exposures. These changes in determined parameters indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress, cell death, detoxification dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum damage after co-exposure to CPF and LCT in E. fetida. The comprehensive examination of mixture toxicities of CPF and LCT at different endpoints would help to understand the overall toxicity they cause to soil invertebrates. The augmented deleterious effect of these pesticides in a mixture suggested that mixture toxicity assessment was necessary for the safety evaluation and application of pesticide mixtures.
摘要：
农田土壤生物经常遇到其生存环境中存在的农药混合物。然而,土壤动物用来应对这种复合污染的潜在毒性机制尚待探索。这项研究旨在揭示毒死蜱（CPF）和氯氟氰菊酯（LCT）共同暴露在蚯蚓（Eiseniafetida）中细胞和mRNA水平的变化。结果表明，CPF和LCT的组合对动物产生了急性协同影响。大多数暴露导致总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性的显着变化，铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD),与基础水平相比，caspase3和羧酸酯酶（CarE）。此外，当暴露于化学混合物时，四个基因的转录水平[热休克蛋白70（hsp70），gst,草皮，和calreticulin（crt）]与他们的个体暴露相比也显示出更明显的变化。确定参数的这些变化表明氧化应激的发生，细胞死亡,排毒功能障碍,同时暴露于CPF和LCT后的内质网损伤。在不同终点对CPF和LCT的混合物毒性进行全面检查将有助于了解它们对土壤无脊椎动物的总体毒性。这些农药在混合物中的有害作用增加，这表明混合物的毒性评估对于农药混合物的安全性评估和应用是必要的。
