Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Appetite hormones are considered a promising target in fighting obesity as impaired appetite hormone levels have already been associated with obesity. However, further insights in the drivers of appetite hormone levels are needed.
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents.
METHODS: A total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing.
RESULTS: GLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents.
METHODS: A total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing.
RESULTS: GLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.
摘要：
背景：食欲激素被认为是对抗肥胖的有希望的目标，因为食欲激素水平受损已经与肥胖相关。然而,需要进一步了解食欲激素水平的驱动因素。
目的：在本研究中，我们调查了儿童和青少年空腹食欲激素水平与生活方式和环境暴露的关系.
方法：从儿童和青少年中收集了534份空腹血液样本（4-16y，50％的男孩）和食欲激素水平（胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1），肽YY（PYY），胰多肽（PP），测量瘦素和生长素释放肽）。暴露包括饮食质量(富含纤维的食物摄入量，糖倾向，脂肪倾向)，心理社会压力(幸福，负面情绪,负面生活事件和情绪问题)，睡眠持续时间,身体活动和环境质量(长期黑碳(BC)，颗粒物<2.5μM（PM2.5），二氧化氮（NO2）暴露，以及住宅周围100米和2000米半径内的绿地)。计算多次暴露分数，以将研究中的所有暴露结合在一个度量中。使用调整性别的线性混合回归模型评估个体暴露和多暴露评分与食欲激素水平的关联，年龄,社会经济地位,腰围与身高比和多次测试。
结果：GLP-1与空气污染暴露有关（NO2β*=-0.13，BCβ*=-0.15，PM2.5β*=-0.16，所有p<0.001）。瘦素与住宅周围100m半径的绿色空间相关（β*=-0.11；p=0.002）。Ghrelin与负性情绪（活性ghrelinβ*=-0.16；p=0.04，总ghrelinβ*=-0.23；p=0.0051）和幸福感（活性ghrelinβ*=0.25；p<0.001，总ghrelinβ*=0.26；p<0.001）相关。此外，总生长素释放肽水平与多重暴露评分相关，反映不健康的暴露和生活方式(β*=-0.22；p=0.036)。
结论：我们的发现为暴露与食欲激素水平的关联提供了新的见解，这对预防性肥胖研究很有兴趣。进一步的研究对于揭示所观察到的关联的潜在机制至关重要。
目的：在本研究中，我们调查了儿童和青少年空腹食欲激素水平与生活方式和环境暴露的关系.
方法：从儿童和青少年中收集了534份空腹血液样本（4-16y，50％的男孩）和食欲激素水平（胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1），肽YY（PYY），胰多肽（PP），测量瘦素和生长素释放肽）。暴露包括饮食质量(富含纤维的食物摄入量，糖倾向，脂肪倾向)，心理社会压力(幸福，负面情绪,负面生活事件和情绪问题)，睡眠持续时间,身体活动和环境质量(长期黑碳(BC)，颗粒物<2.5μM（PM2.5），二氧化氮（NO2）暴露，以及住宅周围100米和2000米半径内的绿地)。计算多次暴露分数，以将研究中的所有暴露结合在一个度量中。使用调整性别的线性混合回归模型评估个体暴露和多暴露评分与食欲激素水平的关联，年龄,社会经济地位,腰围与身高比和多次测试。
结果：GLP-1与空气污染暴露有关（NO2β*=-0.13，BCβ*=-0.15，PM2.5β*=-0.16，所有p<0.001）。瘦素与住宅周围100m半径的绿色空间相关（β*=-0.11；p=0.002）。Ghrelin与负性情绪（活性ghrelinβ*=-0.16；p=0.04，总ghrelinβ*=-0.23；p=0.0051）和幸福感（活性ghrelinβ*=0.25；p<0.001，总ghrelinβ*=0.26；p<0.001）相关。此外，总生长素释放肽水平与多重暴露评分相关，反映不健康的暴露和生活方式(β*=-0.22；p=0.036)。
结论：我们的发现为暴露与食欲激素水平的关联提供了新的见解，这对预防性肥胖研究很有兴趣。进一步的研究对于揭示所观察到的关联的潜在机制至关重要。
