Abstract：
Some of the biggest changes in mineral nutrition for pigs that have occurred due to recent research were caused by the understanding that there is a loss of endogenous Ca and P into the intestinal tract of pigs. This resulted in development of the concept of formulating diets based on standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) rather than apparent total tract digestibility because the values for STTD of these minerals are additive in mixed diets. There are, however, no recent summaries of research on digestibility and requirements of macro- and microminerals and vitamin D for pigs. Therefore, the objective of this review was to summarize selected results of research conducted over the last few decades to determine the digestibility and requirements of some minerals and vitamin D fed to sows and growing pigs. Benefits of microbial phytase in terms of increasing the digestibility of most minerals have been demonstrated. Negative effects on the growth performance of pigs of over-feeding Ca have also been demonstrated, and frequent analysis of Ca in complete diets and raw materials is, therefore, recommended. There is no evidence that current requirements for vitamin D for weanling or growing-finishing pigs are not accurate, but it is possible that gestating and lactating sows need more vitamin D than currently recommended. Vitamin D analogs and metabolites such as 1(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3 have beneficial effects when added to diets for sows in combination with vitamin D3. Recent research on requirements for macrominerals other than Ca and P is scarce, but it is possible that Mg in diets containing low levels of soybean meal is marginal. Some of the chelated microminerals have increased digestibility compared with sulfate forms, and hydroxylated forms of Cu and Zn appear to be superior to sulfate or oxide forms. Likewise, dicopper oxide and Cu methionine hydroxy analog have a greater positive effect on the growth performance of growing pigs than copper sulfate. The requirement for Mn may need to be increased whereas there appears to be no benefits of providing Fe above current requirements. In conclusion, diets for pigs should be formulated based on values for STTD of Ca and P and there are negative effects of providing excess Ca in diets. It is possible vitamin D analogs and metabolites offer benefits over vitamin D3 in diets for sows. Likewise, chelated forms of microminerals or chemical forms of minerals other than sulfates or oxides may result in improved pig performance.
摘要：
由于最近的研究而发生的猪的矿物质营养的一些最大变化是由于理解内源性Ca和P损失到猪的肠道中引起的。这导致了基于标准化总道消化率（STTD）而不是表观总道消化率来制定饮食的概念的发展，因为这些矿物质的STTD值在混合饮食中是添加剂。有,然而,没有关于猪的消化率和宏观和微观矿物质以及维生素D的需求的最新研究摘要。因此,这篇综述的目的是总结过去几十年来为确定饲喂给母猪和生长猪的某些矿物质和维生素D的消化率和需求而进行的一些研究的选定结果.已经证明了微生物植酸酶在增加大多数矿物质的消化率方面的益处。还证明了过量饲喂Ca对猪生长性能的负面影响，对完整饮食和原材料中的Ca进行频繁分析，因此,recommended.没有证据表明断奶或生长肥育猪目前对维生素D的要求是不准确的，但妊娠和哺乳母猪可能需要比目前推荐的更多的维生素D。维生素D类似物和代谢物如1(OH)D3和25(OH)D3在与维生素D3组合添加到母猪的饮食中时具有有益效果。最近对钙和磷以外的大型矿物需求的研究很少，但是，大豆粉含量低的日粮中的Mg可能是微不足道的。与硫酸盐形式相比，一些螯合的微矿物质具有增加的消化率，Cu和Zn的羟基化形式似乎优于硫酸盐或氧化物形式。同样，与硫酸铜相比，氧化二铜和蛋氨酸羟基类似物对生长猪的生长性能具有更大的积极作用。对Mn的需求可能需要增加,而提供高于当前需求的Fe似乎没有益处。总之,猪的饮食应根据Ca和P的STTD值制定，并且在饮食中提供过量的Ca会产生负面影响。维生素D类似物和代谢物可能在母猪饮食中提供超过维生素D3的益处。同样，螯合形式的微矿物质或除硫酸盐或氧化物以外的化学形式的矿物质可能会改善猪的性能。
