Abstract：
Pesticides, especially the newly developed neonicotinoids, are increasingly used in many countries around the world, including Cameroon, to control pests involved in crop destruction or disease transmission. Unfortunately, the pesticides also pose tremendous environmental problems because a predominant amount of their residues enter environmental matrices to affect other nontargeted species including humans. This therefore calls for continuous biomonitoring of these insecticides in human populations. The present study sought to assess the neonicotinoid insecticide exposures in two agrarian regions of Cameroon, the South-West region and Littoral region. The study involved 188 men, including 125 farmers and 63 nonfarmers. Spot urine samples were obtained from these subjects and subjected to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis for concentrations of neonicotinoid compounds, including acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, and N-dm-acetamiprid. Neonicotinoid compounds were detected in all study participants, and residues of all the screened pesticides were detected among participants. N-dm-Acetamiprid and imidacloprid were the most prevalent among the subjects (100.0% and 93.1%, respectively), whereas nitenpyram was less common (3.2%). The median values of imidacloprid and total urinary neonicotinoid concentrations were elevated among farmers (0.258 vs. 0.126 µg/L and 0.829 vs. 0.312 µg/L, respectively). Altogether the findings showed that both the farmer and nonfarmer study populations of Cameroon were exposed to multiple residues of neonicotinoids, with relatively higher levels of pesticides generally recorded among farmers. Although exposure levels of the neonicotinoids were generally lower than their respective reference doses, these results warrant further research on the health risk evaluation of multiple residues of the pesticides and reinforcement of control measures to minimize the exposure risks, especially among farmers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:952-964. © 2024 SETAC.
摘要：
农药,尤其是新开发的新烟碱，越来越多地在世界许多国家使用，包括喀麦隆,控制与作物破坏或疾病传播有关的害虫。不幸的是,农药也带来了巨大的环境问题，因为它们的残留物主要进入环境基质，影响包括人类在内的其他非目标物种。因此，这需要对人群中的这些杀虫剂进行连续的生物监测。本研究旨在评估喀麦隆两个农业地区的新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露情况，西南地区和沿海地区。这项研究涉及188名男性，包括125名农民和63名非农民。从这些受试者中获得点尿样，并对新烟碱类化合物的浓度进行液相色谱-串联质谱分析，包括啶虫脒,clothianidin,dinotfuran,吡虫啉,噻虫啉,尼坦吡喃,噻虫嗪,和N-dm-啶虫脒。在所有研究参与者中检测到新烟碱类化合物，并且在参与者中检测到所有筛选的农药的残留。N-dm-啶虫脒和吡虫啉在受试者中最普遍(100.0%和93.1%,分别)，而烯啶较不常见(3.2%)。农民中吡虫啉和尿新烟碱总浓度的中位数升高（0.258vs.0.126µg/L和0.829vs.0.312µg/L,分别)。研究结果表明，喀麦隆的农民和非农民研究人群都暴露于多种新烟碱残留中，农民中农药的含量通常相对较高。尽管新烟碱的暴露水平通常低于其各自的参考剂量，这些结果值得进一步研究农药多种残留的健康风险评估，并加强控制措施，以最大程度地减少暴露风险，尤其是农民。环境毒物化学2024；43：952-964。©2024SETAC。
