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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The study of parasites provides insight into intricate ecological relationships in ecosystem dynamics, food web structures, and evolution on multiple scales. Hepatozoon Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) is a genus of protozoan hemoparasites with heteroxenous life cycles that switch infections between vertebrates and blood-feeding invertebrates. The most comprehensive review of the genus was published 26 years ago, and currently there are no harmonized data on the epizootiology, diagnostics, genotyping methods, evolutionary relationships, and genetic diversity of Hepatozoon in the Americas.
METHODS: Here, we provide a comprehensive review based on the PRISMA method regarding Hepatozoon in wild mammals within the American continent, in order to generate a framework for future research.
RESULTS: 11 out of the 35 countries of the Americas (31.4%) had data on Hepatozoon, with Carnivora and Rodentia orders having the most characterizations. Bats, ungulates, and shrews were the least affected groups. While Hepatozoon americanum, H. americanum-like, H. canis, H. didelphydis, H. felis, H. milleri, H. griseisciuri, and H. procyonis correspond to the identified species, a plethora of genospecies is pending for a formal description combining morphology and genetics. Most of the vectors of Hepatozoon in the Americas are unknown, but some flea, mite, and tick species have been confirmed. The detection of Hepatozoon has relied mostly on conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the implementation of specific real time PCR for the genus needs to be employed to improve its diagnosis in wild animals in the future. From a genetic perspective, the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene has been widely sequenced for the identification of Hepatozoon in wild animals. However, mitochondrial and apicoplast markers should also be targeted to truly determine different species in the genus. A phylogenetic analysis of herein retrieved 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed two main clades of Hepatozoon: Clade I associated with small mammals, birds, and herpetozoa, and Clade II associated with Carnivora. The topology of the tree is also reflected in the haplotype network.
CONCLUSIONS: Finally, our review emphasizes Hepatozoon as a potential disease agent in threatened wild mammals and the role of wild canids as spreaders of Hepatozoon infections in the Americas.
METHODS: Here, we provide a comprehensive review based on the PRISMA method regarding Hepatozoon in wild mammals within the American continent, in order to generate a framework for future research.
RESULTS: 11 out of the 35 countries of the Americas (31.4%) had data on Hepatozoon, with Carnivora and Rodentia orders having the most characterizations. Bats, ungulates, and shrews were the least affected groups. While Hepatozoon americanum, H. americanum-like, H. canis, H. didelphydis, H. felis, H. milleri, H. griseisciuri, and H. procyonis correspond to the identified species, a plethora of genospecies is pending for a formal description combining morphology and genetics. Most of the vectors of Hepatozoon in the Americas are unknown, but some flea, mite, and tick species have been confirmed. The detection of Hepatozoon has relied mostly on conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the implementation of specific real time PCR for the genus needs to be employed to improve its diagnosis in wild animals in the future. From a genetic perspective, the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene has been widely sequenced for the identification of Hepatozoon in wild animals. However, mitochondrial and apicoplast markers should also be targeted to truly determine different species in the genus. A phylogenetic analysis of herein retrieved 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed two main clades of Hepatozoon: Clade I associated with small mammals, birds, and herpetozoa, and Clade II associated with Carnivora. The topology of the tree is also reflected in the haplotype network.
CONCLUSIONS: Finally, our review emphasizes Hepatozoon as a potential disease agent in threatened wild mammals and the role of wild canids as spreaders of Hepatozoon infections in the Americas.
摘要：
背景：对寄生虫的研究为生态系统动力学中复杂的生态关系提供了见解，食物网结构，以及在多个尺度上的进化。HepatozoonEucocdiorida：Hepatozoidae）是原生动物血寄生虫的一个属，具有异源性生命周期，可在脊椎动物和以血液为食的无脊椎动物之间切换感染。26年前发表了对该属最全面的评论，目前没有关于流行病学的统一数据，诊断,基因分型方法，进化关系，和美洲肝虫的遗传多样性。
方法：这里，我们基于PRISMA方法对美洲大陆野生哺乳动物的肝动物进行了全面的综述，以便为未来的研究提供框架。
结果：美洲35个国家中有11个（31.4％）有关于肝虫病的数据，食肉动物和啮齿动物的订单具有最多的特征。蝙蝠,有蹄类动物,和泼妇是受影响最小的群体。而美洲肝虫，H.americanum-like,H.canis,H.Didelphydis,H.Felis,H.Milleri,H.griseisciuri,和H.procyonis对应于已识别的物种，大量的基因物种正在等待结合形态学和遗传学的正式描述。美洲的大多数肝虫载体都是未知的，但是一些跳蚤,螨,并确认了蜱种。肝虫的检测主要依赖于常规的聚合酶链反应(PCR),未来需要对该属进行特异性实时PCR，以提高其在野生动物中的诊断水平。从基因的角度来看,18SrRNA基因的V4区域已被广泛测序，用于鉴定野生动物中的肝细胞。然而,线粒体和原生质体标记也应该是目标，以真正确定属中的不同物种。本文检索到的18S核糖体DNA（rDNA）序列的系统发育分析显示了肝虫的两个主要进化枝：与小型哺乳动物相关的进化枝I，鸟,和Herpetozoa，和CladeII与食肉有关.树的拓扑也反映在单倍型网络中。
结论：最后，我们的综述强调了肝虫虫是受威胁的野生哺乳动物的潜在病原体，以及野生犬科动物作为美洲肝虫虫感染的传播者的作用。
方法：这里，我们基于PRISMA方法对美洲大陆野生哺乳动物的肝动物进行了全面的综述，以便为未来的研究提供框架。
结果：美洲35个国家中有11个（31.4％）有关于肝虫病的数据，食肉动物和啮齿动物的订单具有最多的特征。蝙蝠,有蹄类动物,和泼妇是受影响最小的群体。而美洲肝虫，H.americanum-like,H.canis,H.Didelphydis,H.Felis,H.Milleri,H.griseisciuri,和H.procyonis对应于已识别的物种，大量的基因物种正在等待结合形态学和遗传学的正式描述。美洲的大多数肝虫载体都是未知的，但是一些跳蚤,螨,并确认了蜱种。肝虫的检测主要依赖于常规的聚合酶链反应(PCR),未来需要对该属进行特异性实时PCR，以提高其在野生动物中的诊断水平。从基因的角度来看,18SrRNA基因的V4区域已被广泛测序，用于鉴定野生动物中的肝细胞。然而,线粒体和原生质体标记也应该是目标，以真正确定属中的不同物种。本文检索到的18S核糖体DNA（rDNA）序列的系统发育分析显示了肝虫的两个主要进化枝：与小型哺乳动物相关的进化枝I，鸟,和Herpetozoa，和CladeII与食肉有关.树的拓扑也反映在单倍型网络中。
结论：最后，我们的综述强调了肝虫虫是受威胁的野生哺乳动物的潜在病原体，以及野生犬科动物作为美洲肝虫虫感染的传播者的作用。
