PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Upon reintegration into society, formerly incarcerated individuals (FIIs) experience chronic financial stress due to prolonged unemployment, strained social relationships, and financial obligations. This study examined whether marriage and perceived social status can mitigate financial stress, which is deleterious to the well-being of FIIs. We also assessed whether sociodemographic factors influenced financial stress across marital status. We used cross-sectional data from 588 FIIs, collected in the 2023 Survey of Racism and Public Health. The financial stress outcome (Cronbach\'s [Formula: see text] = 0.86) comprised of five constructs: psychological distress, financial anxiety, job insecurity, life satisfaction, and financial well-being. Independent variables included marital and social status, age, race/ethnicity, gender identity, educational attainment, employment status, and number of dependents. Multivariable models tested whether financial stress levels differed by marital and perceived social status (individual and interaction effects). Stratified multivariable models assessed whether social status and sociodemographic associations varied by marital status.
RESULTS: We found that being married/living with a partner (M/LWP, b = -5.2) or having higher social status (b = -2.4) were protective against financial stress. Additionally, the social status effect was more protective among divorced, separated, or widowed participants (b = -2.5) compared to never married (NM, b = -2.2) and M/LWP (b = -1.7) participants. Lower financial stress correlated with Black race and older age, with the age effect being more pronounced among M/LWP participants (b = -9.7) compared to NM participants (b = -7.3). Higher financial stress was associated with woman gender identity (overall sample b = 2.9, NM sample b = 5.1), higher education (M/LWP sample b = 4.4), and having two or more dependents (overall sample b = 2.3, M/LWP sample b = 3.4).
CONCLUSIONS: We provide novel insights into the interrelationship between marriage, perceived social status, and financial stress among FIIs. Our findings indicate the need for policies and programs which may target the family unit, and not only the individual, to help alleviate the financial burden of FIIs. Finally, programs that offer legal aid to assist in expungement or sealing of criminal records or those offering opportunities for community volunteer work in exchange for vouchers specific to legal debt among FIIs could serve to reduce financial stress and improve social standing.
RESULTS: We found that being married/living with a partner (M/LWP, b = -5.2) or having higher social status (b = -2.4) were protective against financial stress. Additionally, the social status effect was more protective among divorced, separated, or widowed participants (b = -2.5) compared to never married (NM, b = -2.2) and M/LWP (b = -1.7) participants. Lower financial stress correlated with Black race and older age, with the age effect being more pronounced among M/LWP participants (b = -9.7) compared to NM participants (b = -7.3). Higher financial stress was associated with woman gender identity (overall sample b = 2.9, NM sample b = 5.1), higher education (M/LWP sample b = 4.4), and having two or more dependents (overall sample b = 2.3, M/LWP sample b = 3.4).
CONCLUSIONS: We provide novel insights into the interrelationship between marriage, perceived social status, and financial stress among FIIs. Our findings indicate the need for policies and programs which may target the family unit, and not only the individual, to help alleviate the financial burden of FIIs. Finally, programs that offer legal aid to assist in expungement or sealing of criminal records or those offering opportunities for community volunteer work in exchange for vouchers specific to legal debt among FIIs could serve to reduce financial stress and improve social standing.
摘要：
背景：重新融入社会后，由于长期失业，以前被监禁的个人(FII)经历了长期的财务压力，紧张的社会关系，和财政义务。这项研究调查了婚姻和感知的社会地位是否可以减轻经济压力，这对FII的福祉是有害的。我们还评估了社会人口统计学因素是否会影响整个婚姻状况的财务压力。我们使用了588个FII的横截面数据，在2023年种族主义和公共卫生调查中收集。金融压力结果(Cronbach的[公式：见文本]=0.86)包括五个结构：心理困扰，财务焦虑，工作不安全感,生活满意度,和财务福祉。独立变量包括婚姻和社会地位，年龄,种族/民族,性别认同,教育程度,就业状况,和家属的数量。多变量模型测试了经济压力水平是否因婚姻和感知的社会地位（个人和互动影响）而异。分层多变量模型评估了社会地位和社会人口统计学关联是否因婚姻状况而异。
结果：我们发现与伴侣结婚/生活在一起（M/LWP，b=-5.2）或具有较高的社会地位（b=-2.4）可以抵御财务压力。此外,离婚后的社会地位效应更具保护性，分离,或丧偶参与者(b=-2.5)与从未结婚(NM，b=-2.2)和M/LWP(b=-1.7)参与者。较低的财务压力与黑人种族和老年人有关，M/LWP参与者（b=-9.7）的年龄效应比NM参与者（b=-7.3）更明显。较高的财务压力与女性性别认同有关（总体样本b=2.9，NM样本b=5.1），高等教育(M/LWP样本b=4.4)，并且具有两个或更多个依赖性(总体样本b=2.3,M/LWP样本b=3.4)。
结论：我们为婚姻之间的相互关系提供了新颖的见解，感知的社会地位，和FII之间的财务压力。我们的调查结果表明，需要针对家庭单位的政策和计划，不仅仅是个人，帮助减轻FII的财政负担。最后,提供法律援助以协助清除或密封犯罪记录的计划，或为社区志愿者工作提供机会以换取FII之间法律债务特有的凭证的计划，可以减轻财务压力并改善社会地位。
结果：我们发现与伴侣结婚/生活在一起（M/LWP，b=-5.2）或具有较高的社会地位（b=-2.4）可以抵御财务压力。此外,离婚后的社会地位效应更具保护性，分离,或丧偶参与者(b=-2.5)与从未结婚(NM，b=-2.2)和M/LWP(b=-1.7)参与者。较低的财务压力与黑人种族和老年人有关，M/LWP参与者（b=-9.7）的年龄效应比NM参与者（b=-7.3）更明显。较高的财务压力与女性性别认同有关（总体样本b=2.9，NM样本b=5.1），高等教育(M/LWP样本b=4.4)，并且具有两个或更多个依赖性(总体样本b=2.3,M/LWP样本b=3.4)。
结论：我们为婚姻之间的相互关系提供了新颖的见解，感知的社会地位，和FII之间的财务压力。我们的调查结果表明，需要针对家庭单位的政策和计划，不仅仅是个人，帮助减轻FII的财政负担。最后,提供法律援助以协助清除或密封犯罪记录的计划，或为社区志愿者工作提供机会以换取FII之间法律债务特有的凭证的计划，可以减轻财务压力并改善社会地位。
