Abstract：
Based on long-term and often frustrating experiences with the poor quality of tapeworms (Cestoda) collected throughout the world for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, and considering the increasing obstacles to obtaining new material, a simple, easy-to-use and illustrated methodological guide (manual) is provided. It focusses mainly on key steps in examining hosts, collecting cestodes from poikilothermous vertebrates except elasmobranchs, i.e., from ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), amphibians and \'reptiles\' (a paraphyletic group comprising all sauropsids except birds), and fixing them for subsequent morphological and molecular study. It is proposed that the following methodological points should be followed: (i) ideally only freshly euthanised hosts (not previously frozen) should be used for parasitological examination; (ii) hosts examined should be documented by photographs; host tissue should also be preserved for future genotyping if necessary; (iii) tapeworms should be detached carefully to keep the scolex intact and properly cleaned before fixation; (iv) a small piece of cestode tissue should be always preserved in molecular grade ethanol for DNA sequencing; (v) tapeworms should be fixed as quickly as possible after collecting them and while they are still alive, always using hot (heated) fixatives; this prevents unnatural contraction or deformation and ensures uniform fixation; (vi) each sample (vial) should be properly labelled (a unique code should be given to every cestode sample); (vii) vouchers of sequenced specimens (hologenophores or paragenophores) should always be preserved for identification, and deposited in internationally recognised collections. It is hoped that this guide helps researchers and students to properly process valuable material of cestodes to make it suitable for reliable identification including genotyping and comparative anatomy, which is a prerequisite for any subsequent ecological, biogeographical, phylogenetic life cycle or molecular study.
摘要：
基于长期且经常令人沮丧的经验，在世界各地收集了用于分类学和系统发育研究的劣质tape虫（Cestoda），考虑到获取新材料的障碍越来越多，一个简单的，提供易于使用和说明的方法指南（手册）。它主要集中在检查主机的关键步骤，从除弹枝外的多热脊椎动物中收集c虫，即，从射线鳍鱼（Actinopterygii），两栖动物和爬行动物（包括除鸟类以外的所有鼠类的近亲类），并将其固定用于后续的形态学和分子研究。建议应遵循以下方法学要点：（i）理想情况下仅应使用新鲜安乐死的宿主（未预先冷冻）进行寄生虫学检查；（ii）应通过照片记录检查的宿主；必要时还应保存宿主组织以供将来进行基因分型；（iii）应小心地分离，以保持头节完整并在固定之前进行适当清洁；（iv）一小片头菌，同时应将其固定在乙醇中，因为它们的DNA应始终使用热（加热）固定剂；这可以防止不自然的收缩或变形，并确保均匀的固定；（vi）每个样品（小瓶）都应适当标记（每个节食样品都应具有唯一的代码）；（vii）应始终保存测序样本的凭证（同源或同源）以进行识别，并存入国际公认的收藏品。希望本指南可以帮助研究人员和学生正确处理有价值的cestodes材料，使其适合可靠的鉴定，包括基因分型和比较解剖学，这是任何后续生态的先决条件，生物地理学,系统发育生命周期或分子研究。
