Abstract：
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designed to conserve biodiversity and vulnerable ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the environmental quality of three Brazilian MPAs, based on the integrated analysis of biomarkers in pufferfish. The MPAs are differentiated by the degree of anthropogenic influences. The Barra do Una Estuary sustainable reserve (JUR) is a reference area due to its low levels of contamination and species diversity. The Cananéia Estuarine System (CAN) has been recognized as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO, as well as a Ramsar wetland. This MPA was influenced by upstream mining activities, resulting in the introduction of metals in the estuarine waters and the discharge of untreated urban sewage. The São Vicente estuary (SSV) lacks proper sanitation infrastructure. All collections were conducted during winter season, and, after collection, the animals were euthanized, their soft tissues were removed, and multiple biomarkers were analyzed in the gills and liver, as biometric, genotoxic, biochemical, and morphological. A one-factor multivariate analysis was applied to evaluate the differences between the data sets, and the matrices were analyzed using PERMANOVA to evaluate the \"estuary\" factor. The results were integrated using PCA with a 0.4 cut value and an Enhanced Integrated Biomarker Response (EIBR) was calculated. PCA was correlated with biochemical, genotoxic, and morphological biomarkers. In general, SVV differed from CAN and JUR as shown by both univariate and multivariate analyses. SVV also showed the highest EIBR, followed by CAN. Organisms from SSV showed greater gill pathology, elevated AChE activity and lipoperoxidation (LPO), and micronuclei frequency. CAN present intermediate EIBR, with severe pathologies in the liver. CAN seems to present an intermediate environmental quality between SSV and JUR indicating the importance of the existence of MPAs for environmental conservation and the need to monitor such areas, to maintain their suitable environmental quality.
摘要：
海洋保护区（MPA）旨在保护生物多样性和脆弱的生态系统。本研究旨在评估三个巴西海洋保护区的环境质量，基于河豚生物标志物的综合分析。MPA的区别在于人为影响的程度。BarradoUna河口可持续保护区（JUR）由于其污染水平低和物种多样性而成为参考区域。卡纳尼亚河口系统（CAN）已被联合国教科文组织确认为生物圈保护区，以及拉姆萨尔湿地。该MPA受到上游采矿活动的影响，导致河口水域引入金属，并排放未经处理的城市污水。圣维森特河口（SSV）缺乏适当的卫生基础设施。所有收藏都是在冬季进行的，and,收集后,动物被安乐死，他们的软组织被切除，并在ill和肝脏中分析了多种生物标志物，作为生物识别，基因毒性，生物化学，和形态学。单因素多变量分析用于评估数据集之间的差异，并使用PERMANOVA分析矩阵以评估“河口”因子。使用具有0.4切割值的PCA对结果进行积分,并计算增强的综合生物标志物响应(EIBR)。PCA与生化相关，基因毒性，和形态学生物标志物。总的来说,SVV不同于CAN和JUR,如通过单变量和多变量分析所显示的。SVV也显示出最高的EIBR，其次是CAN。来自SSV的生物体显示出更大的g病理学，AChE活性和脂质过氧化（LPO）升高，和微核频率。可以显示中间EIBR，肝脏有严重的病变。CAN似乎提出了SSV和JUR之间的中间环境质量，表明存在MPA对环境保护的重要性以及监测这些区域的必要性，保持其适宜的环境质量。
