Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Viola stocksii Boiss. locally known as makhni or makhanr booti, is an important medicinal food plant with multiple therapeutic applications, including erectile dysfunction (ED). It is mixed with butter and used for boosting energy and sexual health in the subcontinent.
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, aphrodisiac potential and effect of V. stocksii on the risk factors associated with ED.
METHODS: The hydroethanolic extract of V. stocksii (HEEVS) was prepared through the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The chemical composition was evaluated using preliminary phytochemical screening and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Metals and minerals analysis was performed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The aphrodisiac activity of HEEVS was evaluated using an in vivo aphrodisiac model established in male albino rats and the effect on various sexual parameters such as mount, intromission, ejaculation frequencies and mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies, postejaculatory interval, penile reflexes and serum hormone concentration were analyzed. The effect of HEEVS on various risk factors associated with ED, including prostate cancer (PC), bacterial infections, diabetes and obesity, was evaluated using various in vitro assays. Moreover, four compounds were selected from the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS profile and evaluated for in silico computational analysis against phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) for possible interaction.
RESULTS: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites in HEEVS, while 58 compounds were tentatively identified in the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Various important minerals and metals such as zinc, calcium, cadmium and magnesium were detected in the atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. The in vivo aphrodisiac evaluation showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mount, intromission and ejaculation frequencies and a decrease in the mount, intromission latencies and post-ejaculatory intervals at a dose of 300 mg/kg. A marked (p < 0.05) increase was observed in the concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormones in HEEVS treated animals with a significant increase in total penile reflexes. The extract displayed significant anti-prostate cancer activity and a potential antibacterial spectrum against E. coli and S. aureus, with MIC50 values of 215.72 μg/mL and 139.05 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, HEEVS was found active towards pancreatic lipase (67.34 ± 1.03%), α-glucosidase (3.87 ± 0.54 mmol ACAE/g d.w.) and α-amylase (6.98 ± 1.63 mmol ACAE/g d.w.). The in silico docking study presented a potential interaction between the selected compounds and residues of the active site of PDE-5.
CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the aphrodisiac potential of V. stocksii and provides experimental support for its traditional use in ED with an attenuative effect on the risk factors associated with ED. Moreover, the chemical composition displayed the presence of functional phytoconstituents and minerals in HEEVS and paves the way for the isolation of compounds with potent aphrodisiac activity.
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, aphrodisiac potential and effect of V. stocksii on the risk factors associated with ED.
METHODS: The hydroethanolic extract of V. stocksii (HEEVS) was prepared through the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The chemical composition was evaluated using preliminary phytochemical screening and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Metals and minerals analysis was performed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The aphrodisiac activity of HEEVS was evaluated using an in vivo aphrodisiac model established in male albino rats and the effect on various sexual parameters such as mount, intromission, ejaculation frequencies and mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies, postejaculatory interval, penile reflexes and serum hormone concentration were analyzed. The effect of HEEVS on various risk factors associated with ED, including prostate cancer (PC), bacterial infections, diabetes and obesity, was evaluated using various in vitro assays. Moreover, four compounds were selected from the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS profile and evaluated for in silico computational analysis against phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) for possible interaction.
RESULTS: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites in HEEVS, while 58 compounds were tentatively identified in the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Various important minerals and metals such as zinc, calcium, cadmium and magnesium were detected in the atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. The in vivo aphrodisiac evaluation showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mount, intromission and ejaculation frequencies and a decrease in the mount, intromission latencies and post-ejaculatory intervals at a dose of 300 mg/kg. A marked (p < 0.05) increase was observed in the concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormones in HEEVS treated animals with a significant increase in total penile reflexes. The extract displayed significant anti-prostate cancer activity and a potential antibacterial spectrum against E. coli and S. aureus, with MIC50 values of 215.72 μg/mL and 139.05 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, HEEVS was found active towards pancreatic lipase (67.34 ± 1.03%), α-glucosidase (3.87 ± 0.54 mmol ACAE/g d.w.) and α-amylase (6.98 ± 1.63 mmol ACAE/g d.w.). The in silico docking study presented a potential interaction between the selected compounds and residues of the active site of PDE-5.
CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the aphrodisiac potential of V. stocksii and provides experimental support for its traditional use in ED with an attenuative effect on the risk factors associated with ED. Moreover, the chemical composition displayed the presence of functional phytoconstituents and minerals in HEEVS and paves the way for the isolation of compounds with potent aphrodisiac activity.
摘要：
背景：ViolastocksiiBoiss。在当地被称为makhni或makhanrbooti，是一种重要的药用食品植物，具有多种治疗应用，包括勃起功能障碍（ED）。它与黄油混合，用于促进次大陆的能量和性健康。
目的：本研究旨在评估化学成分，V.stocksii的壮阳潜力和对勃起功能障碍相关危险因素的影响。
方法：通过微波辅助提取（MAE）技术制备了V.stocksii（HEEVS）的乙醇提取物。使用初步植物化学筛选和UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析评价化学组成。通过原子吸收分光光度计进行金属和矿物分析。使用在雄性白化病大鼠中建立的体内壮阳模型评估HEEVS的壮阳活性，以及对各种性参数的影响，例如坐骑，intromission,射精频率和坐骑，intromission,射精延迟,射精后间隔,分析阴茎反射和血清激素浓度。HEEVS对与ED相关的各种危险因素的影响，包括前列腺癌,细菌感染,糖尿病和肥胖症,使用各种体外试验进行评估。此外，从UPLC-Q-TOF-MS图谱中选择4种化合物,并评估其与磷酸二酯酶-5(PDE-5)的可能相互作用的计算机模拟计算分析.
结果：植物化学筛选显示HEEVS中存在各种次生代谢产物，在UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析中初步鉴定出58个化合物。各种重要的矿物质和金属，如锌，钙，在原子吸收光谱分析中检测到镉和镁。体内壮阳评价显示显著(p<0.05)增加,内渗和射精频率和坐骑的减少，剂量为300mg/kg的内渗潜伏期和射精后间隔。在HEEVS处理的动物中观察到血清睾酮和促黄体生成激素的浓度显著(p<0.05)增加。提取物显示出显著的抗前列腺癌活性和对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的潜在抗菌谱，MIC50值为215.72μg/mL和139.05μg/mL，分别。同样，HEEVS对胰脂肪酶有活性（67.34±1.03%），α-葡萄糖苷酶(3.87±0.54mmolACAE/gd.w.)和α-淀粉酶(6.98±1.63mmolACAE/gd.w.)。计算机对接研究显示了所选化合物与PDE-5活性位点残基之间的潜在相互作用。
结论：该报告突出了V.stocksii的壮阳潜力，并为该物种在ED中的传统使用提供了实验支持，并对与ED相关的危险因素具有减弱作用。此外，化学成分显示HEEVS中存在功能性植物成分和矿物质，并为分离具有有效壮阳活性的化合物铺平了道路。
目的：本研究旨在评估化学成分，V.stocksii的壮阳潜力和对勃起功能障碍相关危险因素的影响。
方法：通过微波辅助提取（MAE）技术制备了V.stocksii（HEEVS）的乙醇提取物。使用初步植物化学筛选和UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析评价化学组成。通过原子吸收分光光度计进行金属和矿物分析。使用在雄性白化病大鼠中建立的体内壮阳模型评估HEEVS的壮阳活性，以及对各种性参数的影响，例如坐骑，intromission,射精频率和坐骑，intromission,射精延迟,射精后间隔,分析阴茎反射和血清激素浓度。HEEVS对与ED相关的各种危险因素的影响，包括前列腺癌,细菌感染,糖尿病和肥胖症,使用各种体外试验进行评估。此外，从UPLC-Q-TOF-MS图谱中选择4种化合物,并评估其与磷酸二酯酶-5(PDE-5)的可能相互作用的计算机模拟计算分析.
结果：植物化学筛选显示HEEVS中存在各种次生代谢产物，在UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析中初步鉴定出58个化合物。各种重要的矿物质和金属，如锌，钙，在原子吸收光谱分析中检测到镉和镁。体内壮阳评价显示显著(p<0.05)增加,内渗和射精频率和坐骑的减少，剂量为300mg/kg的内渗潜伏期和射精后间隔。在HEEVS处理的动物中观察到血清睾酮和促黄体生成激素的浓度显著(p<0.05)增加。提取物显示出显著的抗前列腺癌活性和对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的潜在抗菌谱，MIC50值为215.72μg/mL和139.05μg/mL，分别。同样，HEEVS对胰脂肪酶有活性（67.34±1.03%），α-葡萄糖苷酶(3.87±0.54mmolACAE/gd.w.)和α-淀粉酶(6.98±1.63mmolACAE/gd.w.)。计算机对接研究显示了所选化合物与PDE-5活性位点残基之间的潜在相互作用。
结论：该报告突出了V.stocksii的壮阳潜力，并为该物种在ED中的传统使用提供了实验支持，并对与ED相关的危险因素具有减弱作用。此外，化学成分显示HEEVS中存在功能性植物成分和矿物质，并为分离具有有效壮阳活性的化合物铺平了道路。
