Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The phenotype of hybrids between a crop and its wild or weed counterpart is usually intermediate and maladapted compared to that of their parents; however, hybridization has sometimes been associated with increased fitness, potentially leading to enhanced weediness and invasiveness. Since the ecological context and maternal genetic effects may affect hybrid fitness, they could influence the evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. Here, we evaluated the performance of first-generation crop-weed hybrids of Raphanus sativus and their parents in two contrasting ecological conditions.
METHODS: Using experimental hybridization and outdoor common garden experiments, we assessed differences in time to flowering, survival to maturity, plant biomass, and reproductive components between bidirectional crop-weed hybrids and their parents in agrestal (wheat cultivation, fertilization, weeding) and ruderal (human-disturbed, uncultivated area) conditions over 2 years.
RESULTS: Crop, weeds, and bidirectional hybrids overlapped at least partially during the flowering period, indicating a high probability of gene flow. Hybrids survived to maturity at rates at least as successful as their parents and had higher plant biomass and fecundity, which resulted in higher fitness compared to their parents in both environments, without any differences associated with the direction of the hybridization.
CONCLUSIONS: Intraspecific crop-weed hybridization, regardless of the cross direction, has the potential to promote weediness in weedy R. sativus in agrestal and ruderal environments, increasing the chances for introgression of crop alleles into weed populations. This is the first report of intraspecific crop-weed hybridization in R. sativus.
METHODS: Using experimental hybridization and outdoor common garden experiments, we assessed differences in time to flowering, survival to maturity, plant biomass, and reproductive components between bidirectional crop-weed hybrids and their parents in agrestal (wheat cultivation, fertilization, weeding) and ruderal (human-disturbed, uncultivated area) conditions over 2 years.
RESULTS: Crop, weeds, and bidirectional hybrids overlapped at least partially during the flowering period, indicating a high probability of gene flow. Hybrids survived to maturity at rates at least as successful as their parents and had higher plant biomass and fecundity, which resulted in higher fitness compared to their parents in both environments, without any differences associated with the direction of the hybridization.
CONCLUSIONS: Intraspecific crop-weed hybridization, regardless of the cross direction, has the potential to promote weediness in weedy R. sativus in agrestal and ruderal environments, increasing the chances for introgression of crop alleles into weed populations. This is the first report of intraspecific crop-weed hybridization in R. sativus.
摘要：
目的：作物与其野生或杂草对应物之间的杂种的表型与其亲本相比通常是中间的和不适应的；然而，杂交有时与健康增加有关，可能导致杂草和侵入性增强。由于生态环境和母体遗传效应可能会影响杂种适应性，它们可能会影响杂交的进化结果。这里,我们评估了Raphanussativus及其父母的第一代作物-杂草杂种在两种截然不同的生态条件下的表现。
方法：使用实验杂交和室外普通花园实验，我们评估了开花时间的差异，生存到成熟,植物生物量，和双向作物-杂草杂种及其亲本之间的生殖成分（小麦种植，受精,除草)和ruderal(人为干扰，未开垦面积)超过2年的条件。
结果：作物，杂草,双向杂种在开花期至少部分重叠，表明基因流动的可能性很高。杂种以至少与父母一样的成功率存活到成熟，并且具有更高的植物生物量和繁殖力，在这两种环境中，与父母相比，他们的健康水平更高，没有任何与杂交方向相关的差异。
结论：种内作物-杂草杂交，不管横向，有可能促进杂草R.sativus在环境和杂乱无章的环境中的杂草，增加作物等位基因渗入杂草种群的机会。这是R.sativus种内作物-杂草杂交的首次报道。
方法：使用实验杂交和室外普通花园实验，我们评估了开花时间的差异，生存到成熟,植物生物量，和双向作物-杂草杂种及其亲本之间的生殖成分（小麦种植，受精,除草)和ruderal(人为干扰，未开垦面积)超过2年的条件。
结果：作物，杂草,双向杂种在开花期至少部分重叠，表明基因流动的可能性很高。杂种以至少与父母一样的成功率存活到成熟，并且具有更高的植物生物量和繁殖力，在这两种环境中，与父母相比，他们的健康水平更高，没有任何与杂交方向相关的差异。
结论：种内作物-杂草杂交，不管横向，有可能促进杂草R.sativus在环境和杂乱无章的环境中的杂草，增加作物等位基因渗入杂草种群的机会。这是R.sativus种内作物-杂草杂交的首次报道。
