Abstract：
Fluopimomide is a novel pesticide intensively used in agricultural pest control; however, its excessive use may have toxicological effects on non-target organisms. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was used to evaluate the toxic effects of fluopimomide and its possible mechanisms. The effects of fluopimomide on the growth, pharyngeal pumping, and antioxidant systems of C. elegans were determined. Furthermore, the gene expression levels associated with mitochondria in the nematodes were also investigated. Results indicated that fluopimomide at 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L notably (p < 0.001) decreased body length, pharyngeal pumping, and body bends in the nematodes compared to the untreated control. Additionally, fluopimomide at 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L notably (p < 0.05) increased the content of malondialdehyde by 3.30-, 21.24-, and 33.57-fold, respectively, while fluopimomide at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L significantly (p < 0.001) increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 49.14% and 77.06% compared to the untreated control. In contrast, fluopimomide at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L notably reduced the activities of target enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and at 5.0 mg/L reduced the activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Further evidence revealed that fluopimomide at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L significantly inhibited oxygen consumption and at 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L significantly inhibited ATP level in comparison to the untreated control. The expression of genes related to the mitochondrial electron transport chain mev-1 and isp-1 was significantly downregulated. ROS levels in the mev-1 and isp-1 mutants after fluopimomide treatments did not change significantly compared with the untreated mutants, suggesting that mev-1 and isp-1 may play critical roles in the toxicity induced by fluopimomide. Overall, the results demonstrate that oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage may be involved in toxicity of fluopimomide in C. elegans.
摘要：
氟哌胺是一种广泛用于农业病虫害防治的新型农药；然而，它的过度使用可能会对非目标生物产生毒理学影响。在这项研究中,秀丽隐杆线虫被用于评估氟哌米特的毒性作用及其可能的机制。氟哌胺对小鼠生长的影响,咽泵,并测定了秀丽隐杆线虫的抗氧化系统。此外，还研究了线虫中与线粒体相关的基因表达水平。结果表明，0.2、1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌米特显著（p<0.001）降低体长，咽泵,与未处理的对照相比，线虫的身体弯曲。此外,0.2、1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌米特显著(p<0.05)使丙二醛含量增加3.30-,21.24-，33.57倍，分别,与未处理的对照相比，1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌米特显着（p<0.001）增加了49.14％和77.06％的活性氧（ROS）水平。相比之下,1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌胺显著降低了目标酶琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性，5.0mg/L的氟哌胺显著降低了抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶的活性。进一步的证据表明，与未处理的对照相比，1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌米特显着抑制了氧气消耗，而0.2、1.0和5.0mg/L的氟哌米特显着抑制了ATP水平。线粒体电子传递链mev-1和isp-1相关基因的表达显著下调。在mev-1和isp-1突变体中的ROS水平与未处理的突变体相比,在氟哌米特处理后没有显著变化,这表明mev-1和isp-1可能在氟哌米特诱导的毒性中起关键作用。总的来说,结果表明，氧化应激和线粒体损伤可能与氟哌米特对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性有关。
