Abstract：
Antimicrobial resistance has been a serious and complex issue for over a decade. Although research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has mainly focused on clinical and animal samples as essential for treatment, the AMR situation in aquatic environments may vary and have complicated patterns according to geographical area. Therefore, this study aimed to examine recent literature on the current situation and identify gaps in the AMR research on freshwater, seawater, and wastewater in Southeast Asia. The PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant publications published from January 2013 to June 2023 that focused on antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among water sources. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 41 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen\'s inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.866. This review found that 23 out of 41 included studies investigated ARGs and ARB reservoirs in freshwater rather than in seawater and wastewater, and it frequently found that Escherichia coli was a predominant indicator in AMR detection conducted by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Different ARGs, such as blaTEM, sul1, and tetA genes, were found to be at a high prevalence in wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. Existing evidence highlights the importance of wastewater management and constant water monitoring in preventing AMR dissemination and strengthening effective mitigation strategies. This review may be beneficial for updating current evidence and providing a framework for spreading ARB and ARGs, particularly region-specific water sources. Future AMR research should include samples from various water systems, such as drinking water or seawater, to generate contextually appropriate results. Robust evidence regarding standard detection methods is required for prospective-era work to raise practical policies and alerts for developing microbial source tracking and identifying sources of contamination-specific indicators in aquatic environment markers.
摘要：
抗菌素耐药性是十多年来一个严重而复杂的问题。尽管对抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的研究主要集中在临床和动物样本上，这对于治疗至关重要。水生环境中的AMR情况可能会有所不同，并且根据地理区域而具有复杂的模式。因此,这项研究旨在研究有关现状的最新文献，并确定淡水AMR研究中的差距，海水,和东南亚的废水。PubMed,Scopus,我们在ScienceDirect数据库中搜索了2013年1月至2023年6月发表的相关出版物,重点关注水源中的抗菌素耐药性细菌(ARB)和抗菌素耐药性基因(ARGs).根据纳入标准，最终筛查包括41项研究，使用科恩的互考者kappa评估为0.866，具有可接受的一致性。这项审查发现，在41项研究中，有23项研究调查了淡水而不是海水和废水中的ARG和ARB水库，经常发现大肠杆菌是通过表型和基因型方法进行AMR检测的主要指标。不同的ARG,比如blaTEM，sul1和tetA基因，被发现在废水中很高的患病率，淡水,和海水。现有证据强调了废水管理和持续水监测在防止AMR传播和加强有效缓解战略方面的重要性。这一审查可能有利于更新当前的证据，并为传播ARB和ARG提供一个框架，特别是特定地区的水源。未来的AMR研究应包括来自各种水系统的样品，比如饮用水或海水，生成上下文适当的结果。前瞻性工作需要有关标准检测方法的有力证据，以提出切实可行的政策和警报，以开发微生物源跟踪和识别水生环境标记中特定污染指标的来源。
