Abstract：
Unexpected changes in incoming sensory streams are associated with large errors in predicting the deviant stimulus relative to a memory trace of past stimuli. Mismatch negativity (MMN) in human studies and the release from stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) in animal models correlate with prediction errors and deviance detection.1 In human studies, violation of expectations elicited by an unexpected stimulus omission resulted in an omission MMN.2,3,4,5 These responses are evoked after the expected occurrence time of the omitted stimulus, implying that they reflect the violation of a temporal expectancy.6 Because they are often time locked to the end of the omitted stimulus,4,6,7 they resemble off responses. Indeed, suppression of cortical activity after the termination of the gap disrupts gap detection, suggesting an essential role for offset responses.8 Here, we demonstrate that brief gaps in short noise bursts in the auditory cortex of unanesthetized rats frequently evoke offset responses. Importantly, we show that omission responses are elicited when these gaps are expected but are omitted. These omission responses, together with the release from SSA of both onset and offset responses to rare gaps, form a rich and varied representation of prediction-related signals in the auditory cortex of unanesthetized rats, extending substantially and refining the representations described previously in anesthetized rats.
摘要：
相对于过去刺激的记忆痕迹，传入的感觉流中的意外变化与预测异常刺激时的较大误差相关。人类研究中的失配消极性（MMN）和动物模型中刺激特异性适应（SSA）的释放与预测误差和偏差检测相关。由于意外刺激遗漏而引起的预期违反，导致遗漏MMN.2,3,4,5这些反应是在遗漏刺激的预期发生时间之后引起的，暗示它们反映了对时间预期的违反。6因为它们通常被时间锁定在省略刺激的末尾，4,6,7它们类似于反应。的确,间隙终止后皮质活动的抑制会破坏间隙检测，建议抵消责任的重要作用。8在这里，我们证明，在未麻醉大鼠的听觉皮层中，短暂的短噪声爆发间隙经常引起偏移反应。重要的是,我们表明，当这些差距是预期的，但被省略时，会引起遗漏反应。这些遗漏回应，连同SSA对罕见缺口的发作和抵消反应的释放，在未麻醉大鼠的听觉皮层中形成丰富多样的预测相关信号表示，在麻醉大鼠中充分扩展和完善先前描述的表征。
