Abstract：
Faithful translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein is essential to maintain protein homeostasis in the cell. Spontaneous translation errors are very rare due to stringent selection of cognate aminoacyl transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and the tight control of the mRNA reading frame by the ribosome. Recoding events, such as stop codon readthrough, frameshifting, and translational bypassing, reprogram the ribosome to make intentional mistakes and produce alternative proteins from the same mRNA. The hallmark of recoding is the change of ribosome dynamics. The signals for recoding are built into the mRNA, but their reading depends on the genetic makeup of the cell, resulting in cell-specific changes in expression programs. In this review, I discuss the mechanisms of canonical decoding and tRNA-mRNA translocation; describe alternative pathways leading to recoding; and identify the links among mRNA signals, ribosome dynamics, and recoding.
摘要：
将信使RNA（mRNA）忠实地翻译成蛋白质对于维持细胞中的蛋白质稳态至关重要。由于同源氨酰基转移RNA（tRNA）的严格选择以及核糖体对mRNA阅读框的严格控制，自发的翻译错误非常罕见。重新编码事件,例如终止密码子连读，移码,和翻译旁路，重新编程核糖体，故意犯错误，并从相同的mRNA产生替代蛋白质。重新编码的标志是核糖体动力学的变化。用于重新编码的信号被建立在mRNA中，但是它们的读数取决于细胞的基因组成，导致表达式程序中特定于单元格的更改。在这次审查中,我讨论了规范解码和tRNA-mRNA易位的机制；描述导致重新编码的替代途径；并确定mRNA信号之间的联系，核糖体动力学，和重新编码。
