Abstract：
Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are decentralized water treatment technologies commonly used in resource-restricted geographies. Inclusion of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) assists with disinfection but can substantially increase costs. This research investigates AgNP supplementation with zinc oxide (ZnO) as a low-cost bactericide alternative. CWF disks were impregnated with varying AgNP and/or ZnO concentrations and challenged against Escherichia coli. Effluent bacteria were enumerated and monitored over 72 h while eluted metal concentrations were measured and scaled according to surface area to establish \'pot-equivalent\' estimates (0-50 ppb Ag and 0-1200 ppb Zn). Ag addition correlated to subsequent measured release values, though Zn impregnation did not. Background Zn was thus evidently present. Meanwhile, the eluted metal concentration related to disinfection: a CWF with a pot-equivalent elution estimate of 2 ppb Ag and 156 ppb Zn achieved a Log Removal Value (LRV) of 2.0 after 60 min of filtration and 1.9 after 24 h of storage while a CWF with a pot-equivalent elution estimate of 20 ppb Ag and 376 ppb Zn achieved LRVs of 3.1 and 4.5 after the same filtration and storage times, respectively. Clay elemental composition may therefore impact filter performance more than previously considered This trend was further confirmed by batch experiments with Ag and Zn in concentrations of 0-20 ppb Ag and 0-800 ppb Zn, respectively: bacterial regrowth was only observed when Ag and Zn were each below 5 ppb and 160 ppb while 1 ppb Ag and 800 ppb Zn maintained complete disinfection for 72 h. Increased Zn concentrations thus reduced Ag required to maintain disinfection over time. Overall, it is recommended to include Zn with Ag for CWF to improve short-term and long-term disinfection efficacy and associated water safety.
摘要：
陶瓷滤水器（CWF）是资源受限地区常用的分散式水处理技术。包含银纳米颗粒(AgNP)有助于消毒,但可显著增加成本。这项研究调查了AgNP补充氧化锌（ZnO）作为一种低成本的杀菌剂替代品。用不同的AgNP和/或ZnO浓度浸渍CWF圆盘，并对大肠杆菌进行攻击。在72小时内对流出的细菌进行计数和监测，同时根据表面积测量和缩放洗脱的金属浓度，以建立“罐当量”估计值（0-50ppbAg和0-1200ppbZn）。Ag添加与随后测量的释放值相关，虽然锌浸渍没有。因此,背景Zn明显存在。同时,与消毒相关的洗脱金属浓度：具有2ppbAg和156ppbZn的CWF在过滤60分钟后达到2.0的对数去除值（LRV），在储存24小时后达到1.9，而具有20ppbAg和376ppbZn的CWF在相同的过滤和储存时间后达到3.1和4.5的LRV。分别。因此，粘土元素组成对过滤器性能的影响可能比以前认为的更大。通过使用浓度为0-20ppbAg和0-800ppbZn的Ag和Zn的批量实验，进一步证实了这种趋势。分别：仅在Ag和Zn分别低于5ppb和160ppb时观察到细菌再生长，而1ppbAg和800ppbZn保持完全消毒72小时。随着时间的推移，增加的Zn浓度降低了维持消毒所需的Ag。总的来说,建议将Zn与Ag一起用于CWF，以提高短期和长期的消毒功效以及相关的水安全性。
