Abstract：
Produced water (PW) generated by oil companies is a highly impacting waste that contains chemicals such as metals and organic and inorganic compounds. Given its polluting potential, PW requires effective treatment before being discharged into the environment. Conventional treatments have limited efficiency in removing PW toxicity, so alternative approaches must be developed and standardized. In this context, treatment with adsorbent materials like magnetized vermiculite (VMT-mag) is highlighted. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of treatment with VMT-mag in reducing PW toxicity to aquatic biota. For this purpose, three aquatic species (the midge Chironomus riparius, the planarian Girardia tigrina, and the crustacean Daphnia magna) were exposed to untreated PW and to PW treated with VMT-mag at laboratory conditions. The assessed endpoints included mortality, growth, emergence, and developmental time of C. riparius; mortality, locomotion, feeding, and head regeneration of G. tigrina; and intrinsic population growth rate (r) and reproductive output of D. magna. The results showed that all the species exposed to raw PW were impaired: C. riparius had delayed development, G. tigrina had reduced locomotor activity and delayed head regeneration, and D. magna had reduced reproduction and delayed intrinsic population growth rate (r). Most of the analyzed parameters showed that treatment with VMT-mag diminished PW toxicity. Therefore, using VMT-mag to treat PW may be the key to reducing the PW effects on aquatic organisms.
摘要：
石油公司生产的产出水(PW)是一种影响很大的废物，含有金属、有机和无机化合物等化学物质。鉴于其污染潜力，PW在排放到环境中之前需要有效的处理。常规治疗在去除PW毒性方面效率有限，因此，必须开发和标准化替代方法。在这种情况下，重点介绍了用磁化蛭石（VMT-mag）等吸附材料进行的处理。这项工作旨在评估用VMT-mag处理降低PW对水生生物群的毒性的效率。为此,三种水生物种(MidgeChironomusriparius，涡虫Girardiatigrina,和甲壳类大型蚤）在实验室条件下暴露于未经处理的PW和用VMT-mag处理的PW。评估的终点包括死亡率，增长,出现，和C.riparius的发育时间；死亡率，运动，喂养,和G.tigrina的头部再生；以及D.magna的内在种群增长率（r）和繁殖产量。结果表明，所有暴露于原始PW的物种都受到损害：C.riparius发育延迟，G.tigrina的运动活动减少，头部再生延迟，和D.magna减少了繁殖，延迟了固有的人口增长率(r)。大多数分析的参数表明，用VMT-mag处理可降低PW毒性。因此,使用VMT-mag治疗PW可能是减少PW对水生生物影响的关键。
