Abstract：
Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/activation procedure is highly preferred for using it as an electroactive working electrode for electroanalytical applications. In this article, we review various surface pre-treatment and modification procedures adopted in the literature with respect to the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine as a model system. Specific generation of the carbon-oxygen functional group, along with partial surface exfoliation of PGE, has been referred to as a key step for the activation. Based on the Scopus® index, the literature collection was searched with the keywords \"pencil and dopamine\". The obtained data were segregated into three main headings as: (i) electrochemically pre-treated PGE; (ii) polymer-modified PGEs; and (iii) metal and metal nanocomposite-modified PGE. This critical review covers various surface activation procedures adopted for the activation for PGE suitable for dopamine electroanalytical application.
摘要：
铅笔石墨电极（PGE）是一种替代品，商用,随时可用，丝网印刷电极广泛的电分析应用。由于PGE天然形式的复杂基质成分和不可预测的电惰性性质，表面预处理/活化程序对于将其用作电分析应用的电活性工作电极是高度优选的。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了文献中采用的各种表面预处理和修饰程序，以敏感和选择性地检测多巴胺作为模型系统。碳-氧官能团的特定产生，随着PGE的部分表面剥落，已被称为激活的关键步骤。根据Scopus®指数，用关键词“铅笔和多巴胺”搜索文献集。获得的数据分为三个主要标题：（i）电化学预处理的PGE；（ii）聚合物改性的PGE；（iii）金属和金属纳米复合材料改性的PGE。这项关键审查涵盖了适用于多巴胺电分析应用的PGE活化所采用的各种表面活化程序。
