Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Trihalomethanes (THM), a major class of disinfection by-products, are widespread and are associated with adverse health effects. We conducted a global evaluation of current THM regulations and concentrations in drinking water.
METHODS: We included 120 countries (∼7000 million inhabitants in 2016), representing 94% of the world population. We searched for country regulations and THM routine monitoring data using a questionnaire addressed to referent contacts. Scientific and gray literature was reviewed where contacts were not identified or declined participation. We obtained or estimated annual average THM concentrations, weighted to the population served when possible.
RESULTS: Drinking water regulations were ascertained for 116/120 (97%) countries, with 89/116 (77%) including THM regulations. Routine monitoring was implemented in 47/89 (53%) of countries with THM regulations. THM data with a varying population coverage was obtained for 69/120 (58%) countries consisting of ∼5600 million inhabitants (76% of world\'s population in 2016). Population coverage was ≥90% in 14 countries, mostly in the Global North, 50-89% in 19 countries, 11-49% among 21 countries, and ≤10% in 14 countries including India, China, Russian Federation and Nigeria (40% of world\'s population).
CONCLUSIONS: An enormous gap exists in THM regulatory status, routine monitoring practice, reporting and data availability among countries, especially between high- vs. low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). More efforts are warranted to regulate and systematically assess chemical quality of drinking water, centralize, harmonize, and openly report data, particularly in LMICs.
METHODS: We included 120 countries (∼7000 million inhabitants in 2016), representing 94% of the world population. We searched for country regulations and THM routine monitoring data using a questionnaire addressed to referent contacts. Scientific and gray literature was reviewed where contacts were not identified or declined participation. We obtained or estimated annual average THM concentrations, weighted to the population served when possible.
RESULTS: Drinking water regulations were ascertained for 116/120 (97%) countries, with 89/116 (77%) including THM regulations. Routine monitoring was implemented in 47/89 (53%) of countries with THM regulations. THM data with a varying population coverage was obtained for 69/120 (58%) countries consisting of ∼5600 million inhabitants (76% of world\'s population in 2016). Population coverage was ≥90% in 14 countries, mostly in the Global North, 50-89% in 19 countries, 11-49% among 21 countries, and ≤10% in 14 countries including India, China, Russian Federation and Nigeria (40% of world\'s population).
CONCLUSIONS: An enormous gap exists in THM regulatory status, routine monitoring practice, reporting and data availability among countries, especially between high- vs. low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). More efforts are warranted to regulate and systematically assess chemical quality of drinking water, centralize, harmonize, and openly report data, particularly in LMICs.
摘要：
背景：三卤甲烷（THM），一类主要的消毒副产品，是普遍的，并与不利的健康影响有关。我们对当前的THM法规和饮用水浓度进行了全球评估。
方法：我们包括120个国家（2016年约7000万居民），占世界人口的94%。我们使用针对参考联系人的调查表搜索了国家法规和THM常规监测数据。在未确定联系人或拒绝参与的情况下，对科学和灰色文献进行了审查。我们获得或估计了年平均THM浓度，在可能的情况下加权到服务的人口。
结果：确定了116/120（97％）国家的饮用水法规，89/116（77％），包括THM法规。在有THM法规的国家中有47/89（53％）实施了常规监测。人口覆盖率不同的THM数据来自69/120（58％）的国家，包括约5600万居民（2016年占世界人口的76％）。14个国家的人口覆盖率≥90%，主要在全球北部，50-89%在19个国家，21个国家中的11-49%，在包括印度在内的14个国家中≤10%，中国,俄罗斯联邦和尼日利亚（占世界人口的40％）。
结论：THM监管地位存在巨大差距，常规监测实践，各国之间的报告和数据可用性，尤其是在高与低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)。需要做出更多努力来规范和系统地评估饮用水的化学质量，集中化，协调,并公开报告数据，特别是在低收入国家。
方法：我们包括120个国家（2016年约7000万居民），占世界人口的94%。我们使用针对参考联系人的调查表搜索了国家法规和THM常规监测数据。在未确定联系人或拒绝参与的情况下，对科学和灰色文献进行了审查。我们获得或估计了年平均THM浓度，在可能的情况下加权到服务的人口。
结果：确定了116/120（97％）国家的饮用水法规，89/116（77％），包括THM法规。在有THM法规的国家中有47/89（53％）实施了常规监测。人口覆盖率不同的THM数据来自69/120（58％）的国家，包括约5600万居民（2016年占世界人口的76％）。14个国家的人口覆盖率≥90%，主要在全球北部，50-89%在19个国家，21个国家中的11-49%，在包括印度在内的14个国家中≤10%，中国,俄罗斯联邦和尼日利亚（占世界人口的40％）。
结论：THM监管地位存在巨大差距，常规监测实践，各国之间的报告和数据可用性，尤其是在高与低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)。需要做出更多努力来规范和系统地评估饮用水的化学质量，集中化，协调,并公开报告数据，特别是在低收入国家。
