Abstract：
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an economically important pest of corn, cotton, and soybean, and a major target of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. In recent years, this insect has invaded most countries in Africa, Southeastern Asia, and Oceania, posing a great threat to food security. Successful use of Bt crops in the U.S. indicates that Bt technology can be an effective tool for management of S. frugiperda in other countries. Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology. There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance. Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance. In this paper, we review research on resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins. Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance. Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
摘要：
秋天的粘虫，节食夜蛾,是玉米的重要经济害虫，棉花,和大豆，和表达苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）蛋白的转基因作物的主要目标。近年来,这种昆虫入侵了非洲的大多数国家，东南亚,大洋洲,对粮食安全构成巨大威胁。在美国成功使用Bt作物表明，Bt技术可以成为其他国家管理S.frugiperda的有效工具。昆虫抗性的进化是Bt技术长期功效的主要威胁。有许多因素可能影响昆虫对Bt作物的抗性进化速度，其中包括初始抗性等位基因频率，Bt作物中Bt蛋白的剂量，交叉电阻，完全/不完全抗性，以及与抵抗力相关的健身成本。目前,高剂量/避难所和基因金字塔方法是美国用于对抗昆虫抗性进化的两种主要IRM策略。在本文中,本文综述了植物对Cry1、Cry2和Vip3Aa蛋白的抗性研究。具体来说,我们讨论了S.frugiperda对这三种蛋白质的抗性等位基因频率，抗性的遗传基础，交叉抵抗的模式，以及与抵抗力相关的健身成本。从这些研究中获得的经验和知识为成功使用Bt作物技术在全球范围内控制S.frugiperda提供了有价值的信息。
