Abstract：
The synthesis of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has emerged as an extensive area of research in the last century. Owing to their instinctive properties like modifiable mesoporous structure, high surface area, adjustable pore size, and pore volume, SiNPs could be utilized in numerous fields like chemical, biochemical, catalysis, adsorption, and pollution control. Conventionally, SiNPs are produced by tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), and sodium silicate, which are toxic and expensive. Therefore, the development of green, cost-effective approaches for the synthesis of SiNPs is highly desirable. In this course, during the last decade, silica-rich solid wastes (rice husk, corn cob, sugarcane bagasse, palm ash, fly ash, waste glass, waste packaging materials, photonic industrial wastes, etc.) were acknowledged as economical precursors to produce green SiNPs. In this respect, the present review focuses on reviewing several solid waste materials used for the synthesis of SiNPs, their properties, and different characterization techniques used for the analysis of SiNPs. The present review also accounts for the potential applications of such green SiNPs in several fields like catalysis, adsorption, biomedical applications, and energy storage. Moreover, despite the potential applications of SiNPs, still there is a lot to explore about their synthesis and utilization. Hence, in the last section of this review, future scope, challenges, and risk assessment of SiNPs have been discussed.
摘要：
在上个世纪，二氧化硅纳米粒子（SiNPs）的合成已成为广泛的研究领域。由于它们的本能性质，如可修饰的介孔结构，高表面积,可调孔径，和孔隙体积，SiNPs可以用于许多领域，如化学，生物化学，催化作用,吸附，和污染控制。传统上,SiNP由原硅酸四乙酯（TEOS）生产，原硅酸四甲酯(TMOS),和硅酸钠,这是有毒和昂贵的。因此,绿色的发展,用于合成SiNP的成本有效的方法是高度期望的。在这个过程中，在过去的十年里，富二氧化硅固体废物(稻壳，玉米棒,甘蔗渣,棕榈灰,粉煤灰,废玻璃,废弃包装材料，光子工业废物，等。)被公认为生产绿色SiNPs的经济前体。在这方面,本综述的重点是回顾几种用于合成SiNPs的固体废物材料，他们的属性,以及用于分析SiNPs的不同表征技术。本综述还说明了这种绿色SiNPs在催化等几个领域的潜在应用。吸附，生物医学应用,和能量储存。此外，尽管SiNPs有潜在的应用,关于它们的合成和利用还有很多需要探索的地方。因此，在本评论的最后一部分，未来的范围，挑战,并对SiNPs的风险评估进行了讨论。
