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Abstract：
The four seasonal coronaviruses 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 are frequent causes of respiratory infections and show annual and seasonal variation. Increased understanding about these patterns could be informative about the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
Results from PCR diagnostics for the seasonal coronaviruses, and other respiratory viruses, were obtained for 55,190 clinical samples analyzed at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between 14 September 2009 and 2 April 2020.
Seasonal coronaviruses were detected in 2130 samples (3.9 %) and constituted 8.1 % of all virus detections. OC43 was most commonly detected (28.4 % of detections), followed by NL63 (24.0 %), HKU1 (17.6 %), and 229E (15.3 %). The overall fraction of positive samples was similar between seasons, but at species level there were distinct biennial alternating peak seasons for the Alphacoronaviruses, 229E and NL63, and the Betacoronaviruses, OC43 and HKU1, respectively. The Betacoronaviruses peaked earlier in the winter season (Dec-Jan) than the Alphacoronaviruses (Feb-Mar). Coronaviruses were detected across all ages, but diagnostics were more frequently requested for paediatric patients than adults and the elderly. OC43 and 229E incidence was relatively constant across age strata, while that of NL63 and HKU1 decreased with age.
Both the Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses showed alternating biennial winter incidence peaks, which suggests some type of immune mediated interaction. Symptomatic reinfections in adults and the elderly appear relatively common. Both findings may be of relevance for the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
Results from PCR diagnostics for the seasonal coronaviruses, and other respiratory viruses, were obtained for 55,190 clinical samples analyzed at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between 14 September 2009 and 2 April 2020.
Seasonal coronaviruses were detected in 2130 samples (3.9 %) and constituted 8.1 % of all virus detections. OC43 was most commonly detected (28.4 % of detections), followed by NL63 (24.0 %), HKU1 (17.6 %), and 229E (15.3 %). The overall fraction of positive samples was similar between seasons, but at species level there were distinct biennial alternating peak seasons for the Alphacoronaviruses, 229E and NL63, and the Betacoronaviruses, OC43 and HKU1, respectively. The Betacoronaviruses peaked earlier in the winter season (Dec-Jan) than the Alphacoronaviruses (Feb-Mar). Coronaviruses were detected across all ages, but diagnostics were more frequently requested for paediatric patients than adults and the elderly. OC43 and 229E incidence was relatively constant across age strata, while that of NL63 and HKU1 decreased with age.
Both the Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses showed alternating biennial winter incidence peaks, which suggests some type of immune mediated interaction. Symptomatic reinfections in adults and the elderly appear relatively common. Both findings may be of relevance for the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
摘要：
四种季节性冠状病毒229E,NL63，OC43和HKU1是呼吸道感染的常见原因，并显示出年度和季节性变化。对这些模式的更多了解可能会提供有关SARS-CoV-2流行病学的信息。
季节性冠状病毒的PCR诊断结果，和其他呼吸道病毒，在卡罗林斯卡大学医院分析了55,190个临床样本，斯德哥尔摩,瑞典,2009年9月14日至2020年4月2日。在2130个样本中检测到季节性冠状病毒（3.9%），占所有病毒检测的8.1%。OC43是最常见的检测（28.4％的检测），其次是NL63（24.0%），香港U1（17.6%），和229E（15.3%）。阳性样本的总体比例在季节之间相似，但是在物种水平上，Alphacorona病毒有不同的两年一次交替的高峰季节，229E和NL63，以及Betacoronavirus，OC43和HKU1。Betacorona病毒在冬季（12月至1月）比Alphacorona病毒（2月至3月）更早达到高峰。在所有年龄段都检测到冠状病毒，但儿科患者的诊断要求高于成人和老年人.OC43和229E发病率在不同年龄段相对恒定，NL63和HKU1随年龄增长而下降。
Alphacorona病毒和Betacorona病毒都显示出冬季交替出现的两年一次的发病高峰，这表明了某种类型的免疫介导的相互作用。成人和老年人的症状性再感染相对常见。这两个发现可能与SARS-CoV-2的流行病学有关。
季节性冠状病毒的PCR诊断结果，和其他呼吸道病毒，在卡罗林斯卡大学医院分析了55,190个临床样本，斯德哥尔摩,瑞典,2009年9月14日至2020年4月2日。在2130个样本中检测到季节性冠状病毒（3.9%），占所有病毒检测的8.1%。OC43是最常见的检测（28.4％的检测），其次是NL63（24.0%），香港U1（17.6%），和229E（15.3%）。阳性样本的总体比例在季节之间相似，但是在物种水平上，Alphacorona病毒有不同的两年一次交替的高峰季节，229E和NL63，以及Betacoronavirus，OC43和HKU1。Betacorona病毒在冬季（12月至1月）比Alphacorona病毒（2月至3月）更早达到高峰。在所有年龄段都检测到冠状病毒，但儿科患者的诊断要求高于成人和老年人.OC43和229E发病率在不同年龄段相对恒定，NL63和HKU1随年龄增长而下降。
Alphacorona病毒和Betacorona病毒都显示出冬季交替出现的两年一次的发病高峰，这表明了某种类型的免疫介导的相互作用。成人和老年人的症状性再感染相对常见。这两个发现可能与SARS-CoV-2的流行病学有关。
