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Abstract：
The long-lasting efficacy of working memory (WM) training has been a controversial and still ardently debated issue. In this meta-analysis, the authors explored the long-term effects of WM training in healthy older adults on WM subdomains and abilities outside the WM domain assessed in randomized controlled studies.
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar was conducted. Random-effects models were used to quantitatively synthesize the existing data.
Twenty-two eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The mean participant age ranged from 63.77 to 80.1 years. The meta-synthesized long-term effects on updating were 0.45 (95% confidence interval = 0.253-0.648, <6 months: 0.395, 0.171-0.619, ≥6 months: 0.641, 0.223-1.058), on shifting, 0.447 (0.246-0.648, <6 months: 0.448, 0.146-0.75, ≥6 months: 0.446, 0.176-0.716); on inhibition, 0.387 (0.228-0.547, <6 months: 0.248, 0.013-0.484, ≥6 months: 0.504, 0.288-0.712); on maintenance, 0.486 (0.352-0.62, <6 months: 0.52, 0.279-0.761, ≥6 months: 0.471, 0.31-0.63).
The results showed that WM training exerted robust long-term effects on enhancing the WM system and improving processing speed and reasoning in late adulthood. Future studies are needed to use different tasks of the same WM construct to evaluate the WM training benefits, to adopt more ecological tasks or tasks related to daily life, to improve the external validity of WM training, and to identify the optimal implementation strategy for WM training.
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar was conducted. Random-effects models were used to quantitatively synthesize the existing data.
Twenty-two eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The mean participant age ranged from 63.77 to 80.1 years. The meta-synthesized long-term effects on updating were 0.45 (95% confidence interval = 0.253-0.648, <6 months: 0.395, 0.171-0.619, ≥6 months: 0.641, 0.223-1.058), on shifting, 0.447 (0.246-0.648, <6 months: 0.448, 0.146-0.75, ≥6 months: 0.446, 0.176-0.716); on inhibition, 0.387 (0.228-0.547, <6 months: 0.248, 0.013-0.484, ≥6 months: 0.504, 0.288-0.712); on maintenance, 0.486 (0.352-0.62, <6 months: 0.52, 0.279-0.761, ≥6 months: 0.471, 0.31-0.63).
The results showed that WM training exerted robust long-term effects on enhancing the WM system and improving processing speed and reasoning in late adulthood. Future studies are needed to use different tasks of the same WM construct to evaluate the WM training benefits, to adopt more ecological tasks or tasks related to daily life, to improve the external validity of WM training, and to identify the optimal implementation strategy for WM training.
摘要：
工作记忆（WM）训练的持久功效一直是一个有争议且仍在激烈辩论的问题。在这个荟萃分析中，作者探讨了在健康老年人中进行WM训练对随机对照研究中评估的WM子域和WM域以外能力的长期影响.
PubMed的系统文献检索，WebofScience,PsycINFO,科克伦图书馆,ProQuest,clinicaltrials.gov,和谷歌学者进行。随机效应模型用于定量综合现有数据。
在荟萃分析中纳入了22项符合条件的研究。参与者的平均年龄为63.77至80.1岁。meta合成对更新的长期影响为0.45（95％置信区间=0.253-0.648，<6个月：0.395，0.171-0.619，≥6个月：0.641，0.223-1.058），在换档时，0.447（0.246-0.648，<6个月：0.448，0.146-0.75，≥6个月：0.446，0.176-0.716）;抑制，0.387（0.228-0.547，<6个月：0.248，0.013-0.484，≥6个月：0.504，0.288-0.712）；在维护时，0.486（0.352-0.62，<6个月：0.52，0.279-0.761，≥6个月：0.471，0.31-0.63）。
结果表明，WM训练对增强WM系统并提高成年后期的处理速度和推理能力具有长期的长期效果。未来的研究需要使用相同WM结构的不同任务来评估WM培训的好处，采取更多的生态任务或与日常生活相关的任务，为了提高WM培训的外部有效性，并确定WM培训的最佳实施策略。
PubMed的系统文献检索，WebofScience,PsycINFO,科克伦图书馆,ProQuest,clinicaltrials.gov,和谷歌学者进行。随机效应模型用于定量综合现有数据。
在荟萃分析中纳入了22项符合条件的研究。参与者的平均年龄为63.77至80.1岁。meta合成对更新的长期影响为0.45（95％置信区间=0.253-0.648，<6个月：0.395，0.171-0.619，≥6个月：0.641，0.223-1.058），在换档时，0.447（0.246-0.648，<6个月：0.448，0.146-0.75，≥6个月：0.446，0.176-0.716）;抑制，0.387（0.228-0.547，<6个月：0.248，0.013-0.484，≥6个月：0.504，0.288-0.712）；在维护时，0.486（0.352-0.62，<6个月：0.52，0.279-0.761，≥6个月：0.471，0.31-0.63）。
结果表明，WM训练对增强WM系统并提高成年后期的处理速度和推理能力具有长期的长期效果。未来的研究需要使用相同WM结构的不同任务来评估WM培训的好处，采取更多的生态任务或与日常生活相关的任务，为了提高WM培训的外部有效性，并确定WM培训的最佳实施策略。
