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Abstract：
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.
摘要：
为了满足提供更多食物的需求，对全球水供应的需求正在增加，水,以及快速增长的人口的能源。气候变化加剧了这些水压力，以及工业和商业的增长和城市化。因此,全球城市水务当局正在探索替代水源，以满足不断增长的需求。这些替代来源主要是处理过的污水，雨水,和地下水。包括屋顶收集的雨水在内的雨水已被认为是饮用水和非饮用水用途的替代水源。关于替代水再利用的最重要问题之一是与化学和微生物污染物相关的公共卫生风险。迄今为止的几项研究已经量化了雨水中的粪便指标和病原体。微生物源跟踪（MST）方法也已用于确定雨水和接收水中的粪便污染源。本文综述了粪便指标的发生和浓度，病原体,城市雨水中的MST标记基因。审查的一部分重点介绍了通过水敏感性城市设计（WSUD）或最佳管理实践（BMP）去除粪便指标和病原体。我们还讨论了评估和减轻与雨水相关的健康风险的方法，包括现有的定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）模型的摘要，用于雨水的饮用水和非饮用水再利用。最后,最关键的研究差距被确定为制定风险管理战略。
