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Abstract：
In this article we test the hypothesis that the secular increase in heights in the course of the second half of the nineteenth century was associated with the rise of the breadwinner-homemaker household. In these \'modern\' households, women raised the living standards (quality and quantity of food, hygiene and care) for all members, especially the children. We model the assumed contributions to the family budget by age and gender of household members, and find that a strong imbalance between consumers and producers in the household put severe strains on effective resource allocation, leading to lower net nutrition and lower young adult heights. We suggest a carefully calibrated consumer/producer ratio as an indicator to capture these effects. The ratio is not meant to replace others, and we show that sibling rank order as well as gender preferences also played a role in intra-household resource allocation. For our research, we have used a database with reconstructed life histories (including co-residence) of 3003 Dutch army recruits. Our results indicate that the consumer/producer ratio as experienced by recruits in their early life indeed had a strong impact (-1,8 cm) on their heights. However, this effect differed by social class, which can be explained by differences in acceptance of the income pooling model.
摘要：
在本文中，我们检验了以下假设：19世纪下半叶身高的长期增长与养家糊口的家庭的崛起有关。在这些“现代”家庭中，妇女提高了生活水平(食物的质量和数量，卫生和护理)为所有成员，尤其是孩子们。我们按家庭成员的年龄和性别对家庭预算的假设贡献进行建模，发现家庭中消费者和生产者之间的严重不平衡给有效的资源分配带来了严重的压力，导致较低的净营养和较低的年轻成人身高。我们建议仔细校准的消费者/生产者比率作为捕捉这些影响的指标。这个比例并不是要取代别人，我们表明，兄弟姐妹的等级顺序以及性别偏好在家庭内部资源分配中也起了作用。对于我们的研究，我们使用了一个数据库，其中包含3003名荷兰新兵的重建生活史（包括共同居住）。我们的结果表明，新兵早年经历的消费者/生产者比率确实对他们的身高产生了很大的影响（-1,8厘米）。然而,这种影响因社会阶层而异，这可以用对收入池模型的接受度不同来解释。
