Abstract：
Surgery is a performing art-each surgical procedure is a live performance that has immediate and irreversible consequences for both the performer and the audience. Surgeons operate with surgical instruments, whereas musicians perform with musical instruments. Both perform in high-stress, high-risk work environments, where small errors in motor performance or judgment can have immediate negative consequences. While there is abundant literature on musical performance and their impact on outcome, little similar research has been published in the field of surgery. We aimed at identifying expert musicians\' practice and performance strategies that may aid surgeons to enhance their surgical performance.
In the study, 82 relevant English-language articles from 1974 to 2017 matched applicable search terms. Nominal Group Technique was applied to identify 5 key domains that comprise important parallels between surgical and expert musical performance.
The 5 key domains identified were: (1) extensive training and deliberate practice, (2) dexterity and ambidexterity, (3) performance evaluation and competition, (4) performance-related injuries, and (5) performance anxiety. We found focused and mindful training in motor performance, not performing immediately after a hiatus from practice, training to improve the precision and responsiveness of the nondominant hand, continuous and critical self-evaluation, training in injury recognition and prevention, and pharmacologic factors to be of utmost importance.
Critical parallels exist between surgical and expert musical performance that may improve surgical outcomes by adopting musicians\' strategies for combating physiological and psychologic performance-related issues. Raising surgeons\' awareness for this subject content may improve surgical performance and patient outcomes, as well as help prevent occupational injuries.
In the study, 82 relevant English-language articles from 1974 to 2017 matched applicable search terms. Nominal Group Technique was applied to identify 5 key domains that comprise important parallels between surgical and expert musical performance.
The 5 key domains identified were: (1) extensive training and deliberate practice, (2) dexterity and ambidexterity, (3) performance evaluation and competition, (4) performance-related injuries, and (5) performance anxiety. We found focused and mindful training in motor performance, not performing immediately after a hiatus from practice, training to improve the precision and responsiveness of the nondominant hand, continuous and critical self-evaluation, training in injury recognition and prevention, and pharmacologic factors to be of utmost importance.
Critical parallels exist between surgical and expert musical performance that may improve surgical outcomes by adopting musicians\' strategies for combating physiological and psychologic performance-related issues. Raising surgeons\' awareness for this subject content may improve surgical performance and patient outcomes, as well as help prevent occupational injuries.
摘要：
手术是一门表演艺术-每个外科手术都是现场表演，对表演者和观众都有直接和不可逆转的后果。外科医生用手术器械操作，而音乐家则用乐器表演。两者都在高压力下表演，高风险的工作环境，运动性能或判断中的小错误可能会立即产生负面影响。虽然有大量关于音乐表演及其对结果的影响的文献，很少有类似的研究发表在外科领域。我们旨在确定专家音乐家的实践和表演策略，可以帮助外科医生提高他们的手术表现。
在研究中,从1974年到2017年的82篇相关英语文章符合适用的搜索条件。标称组技术用于识别5个关键领域，这些领域包括手术和专家音乐表演之间的重要相似之处。
确定的5个关键领域是：(1)广泛的培训和深思熟虑的实践，(2)灵巧和双灵巧，（3）绩效评估和竞争，（4）与性能有关的伤害，（5）表现焦虑。我们发现运动表现的专注和专注的训练，在练习中断后没有立即表演，训练以提高非优势手的精度和反应能力，持续和批判性的自我评估，损伤识别和预防培训，和药理因素至关重要。
手术和专家音乐表演之间存在着关键的相似之处，可以通过采用音乐家应对生理和心理表演相关问题的策略来改善手术效果。提高外科医生对这一主题内容的认识可能会改善手术表现和患者预后，有助于防止职业伤害。
在研究中,从1974年到2017年的82篇相关英语文章符合适用的搜索条件。标称组技术用于识别5个关键领域，这些领域包括手术和专家音乐表演之间的重要相似之处。
确定的5个关键领域是：(1)广泛的培训和深思熟虑的实践，(2)灵巧和双灵巧，（3）绩效评估和竞争，（4）与性能有关的伤害，（5）表现焦虑。我们发现运动表现的专注和专注的训练，在练习中断后没有立即表演，训练以提高非优势手的精度和反应能力，持续和批判性的自我评估，损伤识别和预防培训，和药理因素至关重要。
手术和专家音乐表演之间存在着关键的相似之处，可以通过采用音乐家应对生理和心理表演相关问题的策略来改善手术效果。提高外科医生对这一主题内容的认识可能会改善手术表现和患者预后，有助于防止职业伤害。
