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Abstract：
There is a tendency to substitute frequently used, but relatively hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Consequently, information on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of these HFFRs is urgently needed, but large data gaps and inconsistencies exist. Therefore, in the present study the toxicity of a wide range of HFFRs to the water flea Daphnia magna was investigated. Our results revealed that four HFFRs were showing no effect at their Sw (saturated water concentration) and three had a low toxicity (EC50>10 mg L(-1)), suggesting that these compounds are not hazardous. Antimony trioxide had a moderate toxicity (EC50=3.01 mg L(-1), 95% CL: 2.76-3.25) and triphenyl phosphate and the brominated reference compound tetra bromobisphenol A were highly toxic to D. magna (EC50=0.55 mg L(-1), 95% CL: 0.53-0.55 and EC50=0.60 mg L(-1), 95% CL: 0.24-0.97 respectively). Aluminum trihydroxide and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) caused limited mortality at Sw (26 and 25% respectively) and have a low solubility (<10 mg L(-1)). Hence, increased toxicity of these compounds may be observed when for instance decreasing pH could increase solubility. By testing all compounds under identical conditions we provided missing insights in the environmental hazards of new generation flame retardants and propose as best candidates for BFR replacements: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS and ZS.
摘要：
有一种趋势是经常使用的替代品，但相对危险的溴化阻燃剂（BFR）与无卤阻燃剂（HFFR）。因此,关于持久性的信息，迫切需要这些HFFRs的生物累积和毒性(PBT)，但是存在巨大的数据差距和不一致。因此,在本研究中，研究了各种HFFRs对水蚤大型蚤的毒性。我们的结果表明，四个HFFRs在其Sw（饱和水浓度）下没有作用，三个具有低毒性（EC50>10mgL（-1）），表明这些化合物没有危险。三氧化二锑具有中等毒性（EC50=3.01mgL（-1），95％CL：2.76-3.25）和磷酸三苯酯和溴化参考化合物四溴双酚A对D.magna具有高毒性（EC50=0.55mgL（-1），95％CL：0.53-0.55，EC50=0.60mgL（-1），95%CL：分别为0.24-0.97）。三氢氧化铝和双酚A双（磷酸二苯酯）在Sw时引起有限的死亡率（分别为26％和25％），并且溶解度低（<10mgL（-1））。因此，当例如降低pH可以增加溶解度时,可以观察到这些化合物的毒性增加。通过在相同条件下测试所有化合物，我们提供了对新一代阻燃剂环境危害的缺失见解，并建议作为BFR替代品的最佳候选产品：APP，ALPI,DOPO,MHO,MPP,ZHS和ZS。
