UNASSIGNED: Melanoma is the ninth most prevalent and the second most lethal tumour. The aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. It occurs in elderly people, over the fifth decade, and is predominant in males. Clinically, they present as an asymptomatic macular or nodular growth. The prognosis is impacted by the size of the tumour and distant metastases. Patients with distant metastases have a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%, constituting metastasis as the major cause of melanoma-related fatality. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for metastatic melanoma is immunotherapy due to the inoperable state, radioresistant nature of the tumour and high chances of cytotoxicity in chemotherapy. A senile male patient, who was diagnosed with oral malignant melanoma of the maxillary buccopalatal gingiva with distant metastasis to the liver and the prostate, is reported here. Although metastasis to the liver is common among malignant melanomas, in this case metastasis to the prostate gland highlights the rarity.

Radionuclide probes-targeted prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is used in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Recent studies have shown that PSMA is expressed in the tumor neovascular endothelium, such as in malignant liver tumors. We report a case of PCa with incidental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) detection using 18F-PSMA-1007 and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission topography (PET)/MRI.18F-PSMA-1007 PET/MRI of our patient with PCa showed that one liver lesion had high PSMA uptake. 18F-FDG PET/MRI revealed minimal FDG uptake in the liver lesion. Histopathological examination revealed that the liver lesion was moderately to poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma. Our studies, along with others, demonstrated that malignant liver tumors, such as ICC, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC), and benign lesions, such as benign liver hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, focal inflammation and steatosis, vascular malformation, and fatty sparing, exhibited elevated PSMA uptake. Moreover, PSMA-PET was superior to FDG-PET in detecting ICC and HCC, indicating that PSMA-PET may be used as alternative staging and to identify patients for PSMA-targeted therapy.

Introduction: Signet-ring cells are typically associated with mucin-secreting epithelium; thus, they are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, but not exclusively. Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare and poorly differentiated, aggressive acinar adenocarcinoma variant with a grim prognosis. Clinical Case: In June of 2023, a 54-year-old Caucasian male presented with a complaint of lower urinary tract obstructive symptoms with occasional macrohematuria, non-specific body aches, and shortness of breath. A prostate specimen obtained in transurethral resection of the prostate was sent for histopathological examination. After a series of extraprostatic diagnostic workups, including fibrogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy computed tomography imaging, and immunohistochemical studies, the patient was diagnosed with primary prostatic signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma stage IV. Unfortunately, due to the advanced stage of the disease, PE, and third-degree thrombocytopenia, the patient was not a candidate for chemotherapy and died of cardiopulmonary insufficiency later that week. Discussion: Prostatic signet-ring cell carcinoma accounts for 0.02% of all prostate adenocarcinoma cases. Due to its nature and epidemiology, a diligent extraprostatic investigation has to be carried out. The disease often presents with unremarkable clinical symptoms and variable serum prostate-specific antigen results, which may contribute to its late diagnosis. Inconsistent immunohistochemical findings and an unpredictable response to hormonal treatment together pose both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that negatively affect the prognosis. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the need for diagnostic and therapeutic consensus within the research community in search of the primary site of the disease, which may positively influence the prognosis.

Prostate cancer remains a prevalent health concern, emphasizing the critical need for early diagnosis and precise treatment strategies to mitigate mortality rates. The accurate prediction of cancer grade is paramount for timely interventions. This paper introduces an approach to prostate cancer grading, framing it as a classification problem. Leveraging ResNet models on multi-scale patch-level digital pathology and the Diagset dataset, the proposed method demonstrates notable success, achieving an accuracy of 0.999 in identifying clinically significant prostate cancer. The study contributes to the evolving landscape of cancer diagnostics, offering a promising avenue for improved grading accuracy and, consequently, more effective treatment planning. By integrating innovative deep learning techniques with comprehensive datasets, our approach represents a step forward in the pursuit of personalized and targeted cancer care.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of recurrent hernia after radical resection of prostate cancer is high, so this article discusses the incidence and risk factors of inguinal hernia after radical resection of prostate cancer.
METHODS: This case control study was conducted in The First People\'s Hospital of Huzhou clinical data of 251 cases underwent radical resection of prostate cancer in this hospital from March 2019 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the occurrence of inguinal hernia, the subjects were divided into study group and control group, and the clinical data of each group were statistically analyzed, Multivariate Logistic analysis was performed to find independent influencing factors for predicting the occurrence of inguinal hernia. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn according to the occurrence and time of inguinal hernia.
RESULTS: The overall incidence of inguinal hernia after prostate cancer surgery was 14.7% (37/251), and the mean time was 8.58 ± 4.12 months. The average time of inguinal hernia in patients who received lymph node dissection was 7.61 ± 4.05 (month), and that in patients who did not receive lymph node dissection was 9.16 ± 4.15 (month), and there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of inguinal hernia with age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, PSA, previous abdominal operations and operative approach (P > 0.05), but there were statistically significant differences with surgical method and pelvic lymph node dissection (P < 0.05). The incidence of pelvic lymph node dissection in the inguinal hernia group was 24.3% (14/57), which was significantly higher than that in the control group 11.8% (23/194). Logistic regression analysis showed that pelvic lymph node dissection was a risk factor for inguinal hernia after prostate cancer surgery (OR = 0.413, 95%Cl: 0.196-0.869, P = 0.02). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the rate of inguinal hernia in the group receiving pelvic lymph node dissection was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic lymph node dissection is a risk factor for inguinal hernia after radical resection of prostate cancer.

Recently, effectiveness of local treatment for oncological outcomes for patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PC) has been reported. We performed hemi-ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for a patient with a localized reducted solitary lesion in the prostate, which was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-transrectal ultrasound fusion image-guided target biopsy with PSA level of 0.24 ng/mL, after androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) and chemotherapy for metastatic PC. Prostate specific antigen levels decreased to 0.01ng/mL at 1 month after the treatment, and cancer suspicious lesion disappeared on MRI. During the follow-up of 24 months, there was no elevation of PSA level with no severe complication related to the treatment. HIFU has possibility to be an effective and minimally invasive treatment as a local treatment for the localized reducted solitary lesion in the prostate after ARSIs and chemotherapy for metastatic PC.

Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. However, there is a rare and aggressive subtype known as small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP). This variant of prostate cancer is marked by its distinctive features, including high-grade malignancy, neuroendocrine differentiation, and a unique clinical presentation, often involving metastases. This report details the presentation and management of a 66-year-old African-American male who was originally diagnosed with high-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate. At initial diagnosis, the patient was suboptimally treated with radiation alone without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). On re-biopsy several years later, he was found to have localized recurrent disease with transformation into SCCP. The prognosis for SCCP is poor with a mean survival. Patients typically present with metastases, commonly to the brain, liver, bones, or bladder. SCCP after treatment for adenocarcinoma of the prostate is more common than de novo presentation. The amount of neuroendocrine differentiation of SCCP often increases with treatment, particularly after treatment with ADT. This report emphasizes the importance of timely and optimal care when treating prostate cancer and suggests potential consequences that inappropriate treatment or treatment delays may entail.

BACKGROUND: According to our knowledge, the relationship between dietary patterns such as pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk has not been clearly investigated in Iranian men. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between adherence to a pro-healthy (PHDI), pro-vegetarian (PDP), and non-healthy dietary indices (NHDI) and the risk of prostate cancer.
METHODS: In this matched case-control study, 125 participants (62 cases and 63 hospital-based controls) were enrolled from April to September 2015. Participants\' dietary intakes were evaluated using a valid and reliable 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary indices calculated based on previous studies. The relationship between dietary indices (PHDI, NHDI and PDP) and prostate cancer risk was assessed using binary regression models.
RESULTS: According to adjusted model, significant negative correlations were found between PHDI and PDP with prostate cancer (PHDI: OR = 0.31; 95% CI; 0.11-0.85; P = 0.023 - PDP: OR = 0.34; 95% CI; 0.15-0.75; P = 0.008). Also, a positive association was seen between NHDI and prostate cancer (OR = 3.01; 95% CI; 1.20-7.57; P = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS: We found that adherence to healthy dietary indices which includes high amounts of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains reduces the risk of prostate cancer. While adherence to a dietary pattern high in red and processed meat, refined grains, and sweetened beverages increases the risk of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men worldwide, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is often used in clinical practice to screen for prostate cancer. Normal total PSA (tPSA) level initially excludes prostate cancer. Here, we report a case of prostate cancer with elevated free PSA density (fPSAD).
METHODS: A patient diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia underwent prostatectomy, and the postoperative pathological results showed acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The patient is currently undergoing endocrine chemotherapy.
CONCLUSIONS: We provide a clinical reference for diagnosis and treatment of patients with normal tPSA but elevated fPSAD.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma in situ of the bladder is a high-grade cancer that originates in the superficial layer of the bladder. It has the potential to invade nearby organs, and it can spread through blood and lymphatic circulation to distant parts of the body.
METHODS: A 58-year-old non-smoker male presented with gross and microscopic hematuria. His family history included his father\'s recent bladder cancer. Initial investigations showed hematuria, inflammation, negative urine culture, digital rectal examination revealed an enlarged right lobe of the prostate, and an elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen level. Histopathological examination of samples taken from the bladder mucosa and the prostate confirmed urothelial carcinoma in situ in the bladder and prostate. Further evaluation revealed no other metastasis. The tumor was classified as T4aN0M0. The patient underwent radical cystoprostatectomy and histopathological examination showed that the tumor invading the muscularis propria of the bladder as well as the prostatic glands, but no malignancy was found in prostatic urethra and other areas. The patient was discharged three weeks post-operation and completed on adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of Gemcitabine, and Cisplatin to prevent of relapse. The patient is currently in a good healthy.
CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of bladder cancer metastasizing to the prostate without involving the prostatic urethra is uncommon and requires precise diagnostic techniques for accurate tumor classification. Early management is advised to enhance the prognosis for the patient.