zinedin

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    纹状体蛋白(STRN)通常被认为是细胞质蛋白,在细胞核和细胞-细胞接触区域观察到较低的表达。与蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)一起,STRN通过STRN蛋白的卷曲螺旋区形成纹状体蛋白相互作用磷酸酶和激酶(STRIPAK)复合物的核心区,这对基质招募至关重要。在过去的二十年里,对STRIPAK成员的生物学和细胞功能的研究越来越多。已经发现STRNs和STRIPAK复合物的组成成员调节几种细胞功能,如细胞周期控制,细胞生长,和运动性。这些细胞事件的失调与癌症发展有关。重要的是,它们在癌细胞和临床癌症中的作用正在得到认可,与健康组织相比,发现几种STRIPAK成分在癌组织中的表达升高。这些分子在不同癌症类型和转移进展中表现出显著的诊断和预后价值。本综述全面总结和讨论了STRN和STRIPAK核心成员的当前知识,在癌症恶性肿瘤中,从细胞和临床的角度来看。
    Striatins (STRNs) are generally considered to be cytoplasmic proteins, with lower expression observed in the nucleus and at cell-cell contact regions. Together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), STRNs form the core region of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes through the coiled-coil region of STRN proteins, which is crucial for substrate recruitment. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing amount of research into the biological and cellular functions of STRIPAK members. STRNs and the constituent members of the STRIPAK complex have been found to regulate several cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, and motility. Dysregulation of these cellular events is associated with cancer development. Importantly, their roles in cancer cells and clinical cancers are becoming recognised, with several STRIPAK components found to have elevated expression in cancerous tissues compared to healthy tissues. These molecules exhibit significant diagnostic and prognostic value across different cancer types and in metastatic progression. The present review comprehensively summarises and discusses the current knowledge of STRNs and core STRIPAK members, in cancer malignancy, from both cellular and clinical perspectives.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    左旋肉碱是必需的易位脂肪酸的线粒体β-氧化,大脑中显示的星形胶质细胞发生的过程。有机阳离子和肉碱质膜转运蛋白OCTN2(SLC22A5)存在于星形胶质细胞中。OCTN2活性和定位先前显示受蛋白激酶C(PKC)调节,尽管没有检测到转运蛋白的磷酸化。在这项研究中,质谱用于鉴定星形胶质细胞中与rOctn2相互作用的伴侣:几种细胞骨架,核糖体,线粒体,热休克蛋白,以及参与贩运和信号通路的蛋白质。信号蛋白的分析表明,Octn2与PP2A磷酸酶催化(C)和结构(A)亚基共沉淀,及其监管B亚基-纹状体,SG2NA,还有Zinedin.Octn2/PP2A复合物主要在内质网中检测到。PKC激活同时增加,肉碱运输和,如免疫荧光和表面生物素化所示,转运体存在于质膜中。它还导致SG2NA的磷酸化,zinedin,和催化亚基,虽然共沉淀,免疫细胞化学,和邻近连接测定实验表明,在与Octn2的复合物中,只有SG2NA的量减少。用冈田酸抑制PP2A不会导致Octn2磷酸化;然而,它消除了观察到的PKC活化作用。我们假设PKC磷酸化SG2NA,导致其从复合物中解离并将Octn2转移到质膜上,导致运输活动增加。观察到的相互作用可能会影响体内的大脑功能,在脂肪酸代谢和肉碱稳态的控制中,已知在某些脑部病变中发生变化。
    l-Carnitine is essential for translocation of fatty acids for their mitochondrial β-oxidation, a process shown in the brain to take place in astrocytes. Organic cation and carnitine plasma membrane transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is present in astrocytes. OCTN2 activity and localization were previously shown to be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), although no phosphorylation of the transporter was detected. In this study, mass spectrometry was used to identify rOctn2-interacting partners in astrocytes: several cytoskeletal, ribosomal, mitochondrial, heat-shock proteins, as well as proteins involved in trafficking and signaling pathways. The analysis of signaling proteins shows that Octn2 co-precipitated with PP2A phosphatase catalytical (C) and structural (A) subunits, and with its regulatory B\"\' subunits - striatin, SG2NA, and zinedin. The Octn2/PP2A complex is mainly detected in endoplasmic reticulum. PKC activation increases both, carnitine transport and, as shown by immunofluorescence and surface biotinylation, transporter presence in plasma membrane. It also results in phosphorylation of SG2NA, zinedin, and catalytical subunit, although co-precipitation, immunocytochemistry, and proximity ligation assay experiments showed that only the amount of SG2NA decreased in the complex with Octn2. PP2A inhibition with okadaic acid does not lead to Octn2 phosphorylation; however, it abolishes observed effects of PKC activation. We postulate that PKC phosphorylates SG2NA, resulting in its dissociation from the complex and transfer of Octn2 to the plasma membrane, leading to increased transporter activity. The observed interaction could affect brain functioning in vivo, both in fatty acid metabolism and in control of carnitine homeostasis, known to change in certain brain pathologies.
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