随着纳米材料在日常生活中的广泛应用,纳米二氧化钛(nano-TiO2)对海洋生态系统存在潜在的生态风险,海洋变暖(OW)会加剧这种情况。然而,以前的大多数研究都只集中在水中暴露,尽管缺乏专注于营养转移暴露对生物体影响的研究。我们研究了在正常(24°C)和升温(28°C)条件下,100μg/L纳米TiO2通过两种途径(水性和食源性)对贻贝的毒性作用差异。单一的纳米TiO2暴露(水性和食源性)提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,表明肠道中激活的抗氧化剂反应。然而,抑制的抗氧化酶和积累的过氧化物产物(LPO和蛋白质羰基含量,PCC)表明,与纳米TiO2结合的变暖破坏了贻贝的促氧化剂-抗氧化剂稳态。我们的研究结果还表明,纳米TiO2和高温对淀粉酶(AMS)表现出不利影响,胰蛋白酶(PS),和海藻糖酶(THL)。此外,激活的免疫功能(溶菌酶)以蛋白质的能量消耗为代价(蛋白质浓度降低)。纳米TiO2在24°C(1693-2261nm)的流体动力学直径低于28°C(2666-3086nm)的流体动力学直径。生物累积结果(范围为0.022至0.432μg/g)表明,食源性在肠道中的Ti含量高于水性。总的来说,纳米TiO2和气候变暖的综合作用表现出更明显的相互作用和对抗氧化剂的严重损害,消化性,和贻贝肠道的免疫参数。通过营养转移增强了纳米TiO2的毒理学影响。纳米TiO2的毒性作用是不可忽视的,可以通过水和食源性暴露途径共同发挥,这值得进一步调查。
With the wide use of nanomaterials in daily life, nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) presents potential ecological risks to marine ecosystems, which can be exacerbated by ocean warming (OW). However, most previous studies have only centered around
waterborne exposure, while there is a scarcity of studies concentrating on the impact of trophic transfer exposure on organisms. We investigated the differences in toxic effects of 100 μg/L nano-TiO2 on mussels via two pathways (
waterborne and foodborne) under normal (24 °C) and warming (28 °C) conditions. Single nano-TiO2 exposure (
waterborne and foodborne) elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as the content of glutathione (GSH), indicating activated antioxidatant response in the intestine. However, depressed antioxidant enzymes and accumulated peroxide products (LPO and protein carbonyl content, PCC) demonstrated that warming in combination with nano-TiO2 broke the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of mussels. Our findings also indicated that nano-TiO2 and high temperature exhibited adverse impacts on amylase (AMS), trypsin (PS), and trehalase (THL). Additionally, activated immune function (lysozyme) comes at the cost of energy expenditure of protein (decreased protein concentration). The hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 at 24 °C (1693-2261 nm) was lower than that at 28 °C (2666-3086 nm). Bioaccumulation results (range from 0.022 to 0.432 μg/g) suggested that foodborne induced higher Ti contents in intestine than
waterborne. In general, the combined effects of nano-TiO2 and warming demonstrated a more pronounced extent of interactive effects and severe damage to antioxidant, digestive, and immune parameters in mussel intestine. The toxicological impact of nano-TiO2 was intensified through trophic transfer. The toxic effects of nano-TiO2 are non-negligible and can be exerted together through both water- and foodborne exposure routes, which deserves further investigation.