The waste-heat-recovery boiler with water injection (HR-B/W) applies the heat exchange between the intake air and exhaust gas with the water injection into the intake air. Previous theoretical studies have discussed that the HR-B/W would increase the thermal efficiency of the boiler by the active heat exchange between the intake air and exhaust gas. It has also been discussed that the increased fraction of water vapor in the air would reduce the flame temperature which in turn decreases the NOx emission. However, the potential performance of the HR-B/W has not been validated through practical boiler tests by considering the evaporation characteristics of the injected water, which plays a critical role in the performance of the HR-B/W. In this study the effects of water injection into the intake air on the thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions of the waste-heat-recovery boiler are investigated using a commercial 24 kW condensing boiler in full load condition. Thermodynamic analysis is performed to evaluate the adequate amount of water injection and trace the physical properties in the boiler upon the water injection amount and evaporation characteristics. The boiler test results showed water injection can increase thermal efficiency to 4.4% point and reduce NOx and CO emissions by 69% and 33% respectively compared to those without water injection. These advantages can be further enhanced if the atomization and evaporation performance of injected water is improved.

The performances of three non-destructive sensors, based on different principles, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and time domain reflectometry (TDR), were studied to discriminate between unfrozen and frozen-thawed fish. Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) was selected as a model to evaluate these technologies. The addition of water and additives is usual in the fish industry, thus, in order to have a wide range of possible commercial conditions, some samples were injected with different water solutions (based on different concentrations of salt, polyphosphates and a protein hydrolysate solution). Three different models, based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were developed for each technology. This is a linear classification method that combines the properties of partial least squares (PLS) regression with the classification power of a discriminant technique. The results obtained in the evaluation of the test set were satisfactory for all the sensors, giving NIR the best performance (accuracy = 0.91, error rate = 0.10). Nevertheless, the classification accomplished with BIA and TDR data resulted also satisfactory and almost equally as good, with accuracies of 0.88 and 0.86 and error rates of 0.14 and 0.15, respectively. This work opens new possibilities to discriminate between unfrozen and frozen-thawed fish samples with different non-destructive alternatives, regardless of whether or not they have added water.

OBJECTIVE: A large number of papers discuss merits and mechanisms of low salinity waterflooding. For each mechanism proposed, there are counter examples to invalidate the stated mechanism. The effect of wettability from low salinity water, which is predominantly stated in literature as the dominant mechanism, may not be valid. We introduce a direct correlation between oil-brine interfacial viscoelasticity and oil recovery from waterflooding.
METHODS: The oil recovery is investigated in carbonate rocks for three light crude oils, by injection of a wide range of aqueous phases, ranging from deionized water to very high salinity brine of 28 wt%, and low concentration of a non-ionic surfactant at 100 ppm. The oil-brine interfacial viscoelasticity is quantified and supplementary measurements of interfacial tension and wettability are performed.
RESULTS: In our experiments, oil recovery is higher from high salinity water injection than from low salinity water injection. A strong relationship is observed between interface elasticity and oil recovery for different concentrations of salt in the injected brine as well as for ultra-low concentration surfactant. An elastic oil-brine interface results in high oil recovery. The surfactant molecule we have selected prefers the oil-water interface despite high solubility in the oil phase and makes ultra-low concentration of 100 ppm in injection water very effective. Contrary to widespread assertions in the literature, we find no definitive correlation between oil recovery and wettability.

Reducing fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions is one of the most urgent tasks of current research in the field of internal combustion engines. Water Injection has proven its benefits to increase power or optimize fuel consumption of passenger cars. This technology enables knock mitigation to either increase the engine power output or raise the compression ratio and efficiency while enabling λ = 1 operation in the complete engine map to meet future emission targets. Current systems have limited container capacity. It is necessary to refill the water tank regularly. This also means that we cannot get the benefits of an engine with a higher compression ratio. For this reason, the self-contained system was investigated. This article is a methodology for finding the right design of a self-contained water injection system, but also a vehicle test that proves the function.

To introduce an effective approach for excision of ovarian endometrioma by \"water injection\"-assisted laparoscopy treatment.
Step-by-step video explanation of the surgical procedure with still pictures and surgical video clips to demonstrate the detailed technique, approved by the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.
Hospital.
A 26-year-old young woman diagnosed with a 6 cm in diameter right ovarian cyst, who endured 5 years of dysmenorrhea.
The \"water injection\"-assisted laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma consists of five steps: rupture the ovarian endometrial cyst and remove the \"chocolate fluid;\" inject the \"water\" (diluted vasopressin solution) into the interface between endometrioma and ovarian parenchyma; stop injecting until the solution overflow; separate the endometrioma away from the ovarian parenchyma; and suture the ovary.
Value and feasibility of \"water injection\"-assisted laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma.
The \"water injection\"-assisted laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma was feasible and effective. In the follow-up period, the patient did not report any symptom of dysmenorrhea; and the sex hormone and antimüllerian hormone tests reached to normal levels.
Our surgical approach demonstrated several noteworthy advantages. After \"water injection\", the endometrioma and ovarian parenchyma was easily distinguished and separated. The approach avoided normal ovarian tissue destruction during endometrioma separation. The utilization of diluted vasopressin solution might decrease bleeding of ovarian wound. Considering its simplicity of realization, our surgical approach should be promoted to more reproductive-age patients.

In this article, one of Iran\'s southwest oil fields that produces 3200 barrels per day (bbl/d) of wastewater from oil and gas processing was investigated. Experimental analysis of oil reservoir water and desalting wastewater disposal of crude oil desalting unit was performed. First, water was treated with a reverse osmosis membrane. As a result, the purified water, with lower total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH, was a suitable candidate for injection into the adjacent wells of the crude oil desalting unit. The effectiveness and compatibility of this wastewater to the formation water of the oil field wells were simulated. Finally, we studied and identified the formation, the amount, and the type of mineral scale deposits. These are the most important problems during water injection into the wells. The analysis shows that the refined water from the reverse osmosis (RO) process was a suitable and low-cost economical option for injection in onshore and offshore fields, due to the low amount of salts, the concentration of susceptible ions in scaling formation, and the appropriate pH. This oil field, which is in the second half of life, requires enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) for the maintenance of pressure and an increase in oil recovery.

In the present study, a four-stroke cycle gasoline engine is redesigned and converted into a six-stroke cycle engine and experimental study has been conducted using gasoline and acetylene as fuel with water injection at the end of the recompression stroke. Acetylene has been used as an alternative fuel along with gasoline and performance of the six-stroke spark ignition (SI) engine with these two fuels has been studied separately and compared. Brake power and thermal efficiency are found to be 5.18 and 1.55% higher with acetylene as compared to gasoline in the six-stroke engine. However, thermal efficiency is found to be 45% higher with acetylene in the six-stroke engine as compared to four-stroke SI engine. The CO and HC emissions were found to be reduced by 13.33 and 0.67% respectively with acetylene as compared to gasoline due to better combustion of acetylene. The NOx emission was reduced by 5.65% with acetylene due to lower peak temperature by water injection. The experimental results showed better engine performance and emissions with acetylene as fuel in the six-stroke engine.

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques can significantly extend global oil reserves once oil prices are high enough to make these techniques economic. Given a broad consensus that we have entered a period of supply constraints, operators can at last plan on the assumption that the oil price is likely to remain relatively high. This, coupled with the realization that new giant fields are becoming increasingly difficult to find, is creating the conditions for extensive deployment of EOR. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nature, status and prospects for EOR technologies. It explains why the average oil recovery factor worldwide is only between 20% and 40%, describes the factors that contribute to these low recoveries and indicates which of those factors EOR techniques can affect. The paper then summarizes the breadth of EOR processes, the history of their application and their current status. It introduces two new EOR technologies that are beginning to be deployed and which look set to enter mainstream application. Examples of existing EOR projects in the mature oil province of the North Sea are discussed. It concludes by summarizing the future opportunities for the development and deployment of EOR.