This article, based on OMI data products, utilizes spatial distribution, ozone-sensitive control areas, Pearson correlation methods, and the Ben-MAP model to study the changes in ozone column concentration from 2018 to 2022, along with the influencing factors and the health of populations exposed to ozone. The findings suggest a spatial variation in the ozone column concentration within the study area, with an increasing trend observed from west to east and from south to north. Over time, the ozone column concentration exhibits an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, with the peak concentration observed in 2019 at 37.45 DU and the nadir recorded in 2022 at 33.10 DU. The monthly mean distribution exhibits an inverted V-shaped pattern during the warm season from April to September, with a peak in July (46.71 DU) and a trough in April (35.29 DU). The Hetao Plain Oasis area is primarily a NOx control area in sensitive control areas. The concentrations of O3 and precursor HCHO exhibited significant positive correlations with vegetation index and air temperature, while showing significant negative correlations with wind speed and air pressure. The precursor NO2, in contrast, exhibited a significant negative correlation with both the vegetation index and relative humidity. Based on the ground-based monitoring sites and analysis of human health benefits, the study area witnessed 1944.45 deaths attributed to warm season O3 exposure in 2018, with a subsequent reduction in premature deaths by 149.7, 588.2, and 231.75 for the years 2019 to 2021 respectively when compared to the baseline year. In 2021, the observed decrease in warm-season O3 concentration within that region compared to 2018 resulted in a significant reduction, leading to the prevention of 126 premature deaths.

To understand the characteristics of atmospheric pollution above the urban canopy in warm seasons, the characteristics of sub-micron aerosol (PM1) was studied based on high-altitude observations at the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower. The PM1 at 260 m was 34, 29 and 21 μg m-3 in May 2015, June 2015, and June 2017, respectively, indicating a reduction in PM1 pollution above the urban canopy. Meanwhile, an overall decrease was also observed in the concentrations of all PM1 chemical species (excluding Chl and BC) and organic aerosol (OA) factors. Previous instances of heavy haze in Beijing often coincided with high humidity and stagnant weather conditions. However, the heightened pollution episodes in June 2017 were accompanied by high wind speeds and low relative humidity. Compared to May 2015, the contribution of secondary components to PM1 in June 2017 was more prominent, with the total proportion of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and more-oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) to PM1 increased by approximately 10 %. Secondary species of NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, and MO-OOA, as well as black carbon, collectively contributed the vast majority of aerosol extinction coefficient (bext), with the four species contributing a total of ≥96 % to bext at 260 m. Hydrocarbon-like OA, cooking OA, and less-oxidized oxygenated OA have undergone significant reductions, so continued emphasis on controlling local sources to reduce these three aerosol species and addressing regional sources to further mitigate overall aerosol species is imperative. In lower pollution situation, the diurnal variation of PM was smoother, and its pollution sources were more regionally uniform, which might be attributed to the reduced diversity and complexity in the physical and chemical processes in air pollution.

Necrophagous insect species are widely used during death investigations primarily for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval, since these species use decomposing organic matter for feeding, oviposition, and larval development. The development stages and successional colonization patterns provide important information for shorter or longer postmortem time intervals. Diptera species are the predominant taxa recovered from decomposed bodies. The temperature variance/seasonality is the main factor affecting the time presence and activity of these species. Other factors, such as geographical location, antemortem conditions, and cause of death, can influence the presence and succession of necrophagous entomofauna. Consequently, successional studies and information regarding species colonization patterns are needed for each geographical region to be used as reference data during death investigations. This study addressed the need to collect forensic entomological data for the State of North Dakota, within the first necrophagous entomofauna diversity report for the month of July 2022, using pig carcasses as human analogs. During the experimental period, 18 species of Diptera and Coleoptera were identified, with 10 new state records, while Calliphoridae was found to be the predominant family. The resulted data on necrophagous insect species diversity and dynamics from exposed pig carcasses will strengthen the current knowledge on forensic entomology in North Dakota and will serve as reference data to be used during death investigations in the Great Plains region.

Extreme heat exposure is associated with multiple diseases. However, our current understanding of the specific impact of extreme heat exposure on kidney disease is limited.
Case-crossover study.
1,114,322 emergency department (ED) visits with a principal diagnosis of kidney disease were identified in New York state, 2005-2013.
Extreme heat exposure was defined as when the daily temperature exceeded the 90th percentile temperature of that month during the study period in the county.
ED visits with a principal diagnosis of kidney disease and its subtypes (ICD-9 [International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision] codes 580-599, 788).
Extreme heat exposure on the ED visit days was compared with extreme heat exposure on control days using a conditional logistic regression model, controlling for humidity, air pollutants, and holidays. The excess risk of kidney disease was calculated for a week (lag days 0-6) after extreme heat exposure during the warm season (May through September). We also stratified our estimates by sociodemographic characteristics.
Extreme heat exposure was associated with a 1.7% (lag day 0) to 3.1% (lag day 2) higher risk of ED visits related to kidney disease; this association was stronger with a greater number of extreme heat exposure days in the previous week. The association with extreme heat exposure lasted for an entire week and was stronger in the transitional months (ie, May and September; excess rates ranged from 1.8% to 5.1%) rather than the summer months (June through August; excess rates ranged from 1.5% to 2.7%). The strength of association was greater among those with ED visits related to acute kidney injury, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections. Age and sex may modify the association between extreme heat exposure and ED visits.
Individual exposure to heat-how long people were outside or whether they had access to air conditioning-was unknown.
Extreme heat exposure was significantly associated with a dose-dependent greater risk of ED visits for kidney disease.

Global climate change is leading to higher ambient temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. To date, impacts of ambient extreme heat on childhood morbidity have been understudied, although-given children\'s physiologic susceptibility, with smaller body surface-to-mass ratios, and many years of increasing temperatures ahead-there is an urgent need for better information to inform public health policies and clinical approaches. In this review, we aim to (1) identify pediatric morbidity outcomes previously associated with extreme heat, (2) to identify predisposing co-morbidities which may make children more susceptible to heat-related outcomes, and (3) to map the current body of available literature. A scoping review of the current full-text literature was conducted using the Arksey and O\'Malley framework Int J Soc Res Methodol 8:19-32, (2015). Search terms for (1) pediatric population, (2) heat exposures, (3) ambient conditions, and (4) adverse outcomes were combined into a comprehensive PubMed and Medline literature search. Of the 1753 publications identified, a total of 20 relevant studies were ultimately selected based on selection criteria of relevance to US urban populations. Most identified studies supported positive associations between high extreme temperature exposures and heat-related illness, dehydration/electrolyte imbalance, general symptoms, diarrhea and digestion disorders, infectious diseases/infections, asthma/wheeze, and injury. Most studies found no association with renal disease, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus. Results were mixed for other respiratory diseases and mental health/psychological disorders. Very few of the identified studies examined susceptibility to pre-existing conditions; Cystic Fibrosis was the only co-morbidity for which we found significant evidence. Further research is needed to understand the nuances of associations between extreme heat and specific outcomes-particularly how associations may vary by child age, sex, race/ ethnicity, community characteristics, and other pre-existing conditions.

The current study aimed at molecular identification and comparing the diversity of arthropods communities between pig and sheep carcasses during the cold and warm season in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Adult arthropods found on and around the carcasses were collected using either fly traps or forceps. Molecular analyses confirmed the identification of twelve arthropod species collected from both sheep and pig carcasses during the cold season. Results showed that 11 of 12 arthropod species were common in both sheep and pig carcasses, with exception to Onthophagus vacca (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (Linnaeus, 1767) and Atherigona soccata (Diptera: Muscidae) (Rondani, 1871) species which were unique to sheep and pig carcasses respectively. However, during the warm season, the sheep carcass attracted more arthropod (n = 13) species as compared to the pig carcass. The difference in the obtained arthropod was due to the presence of O. vacca which was also unique to the sheep carcass during this season. Furthermore, there was an addition of a beetle species Hycleus lunatus (Coleoptera: Meloidae) (Pallas, 1782), which was collected from both sheep and pig carcasses but unique to the warm season. The pig carcass attracted more dipteran flies during both warm (n = 1,519) and cold season (n = 779) as compared to sheep carcass during the warm (n = 511) and cold season (n = 229). In contrast, coleopterans were more abundant on the sheep carcass during the warm season (n = 391) and cold season (n = 135) as compared to the pig carcass in both warm season (n = 261) and cold season (n = 114). In overall, more flies and beetles were collected on both sheep and pig carcasses during the warm season, and this further highlight that temperature influenced the observed difference in the abundance of collected arthropod between seasons.

This study aimed to compare fungal contamination of poultry litter between warm and cold seasons. It was carried out in commercial production conditions over two five-week fattening periods: one in the summer (July-August) and one in the winter (December-January). Broilers were reared on a litter composed of chopped straw and sawdust. Litter fungal concentration and composition were investigated weekly, along with litter temperature, moisture, and pH. Litter concentration of total fungi increased over both fattening periods, with no differences in median concentrations between them. Season also had no effect on yeast, Aspergillus section Nigri, and Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. concentrations, while the Aspergillus section Flavi and Aspergillus spp. combined showed higher concentrations in the summer, and Mucor and Penicillium spp. in the winter. Total fungal concentration highly correlated with litter temperature, moisture, and pH, regardless of the season. Our findings can be useful in the assessment and control of potential harmful effect of fungi on the health of poultry and poultry farm workers.
Cilj ovoga rada bio je usporediti onečišćenje stelje za perad gljivicama između toplog i hladnog razdoblja godine. Istraživanje je provedeno u komercijalnim uvjetima proizvodnje tijekom petotjednog tova pilića ljeti (srpanj – kolovoz) i zimi (prosinac – siječanj). Pilići su držani na stelji od sjeckane slame i piljevine. Koncentracija i sastav gljivica u stelji istraživani su tjedno, zajedno s temperaturom, vlagom i pH stelje. Ukupna koncentracija gljivica u stelji povećavala se tijekom tova u oba godišnja razdoblja, bez utvrđenih razlika u prosječnim koncentracijama između razdoblja. Razdoblje godine također nije imalo utjecaja na koncentracije kvasaca, aspergila iz sekcije Nigri te Cladosporium, Fusarium i Rhizopus spp., a koncentracije aspergila iz sekcije Flavi, kao i ukupnih aspergila u stelji bile su veće u ljetnom, a koncentracije Mucor i Penicillium spp. u zimskom razdoblju. Utvrđena je visoka pozitivna povezanost ukupne koncentracije gljivica s temperaturom, vlagom i pH stelje, neovisno o razdoblju godine. Dobiveni rezultati mogu biti korisni u procjeni i kontroli potencijalnoga štetnog učinka gljivica na zdravlje peradi i radnika na peradarskim farmama.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between air temperature and incidence of acute coronary heart disease in Northeast China.
METHODS: We obtained coronary heart disease (CHD) daily hospitalization data from January 2017 to June 2019, and collected meteorological data including average daily air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, wind velocity, sunshine duration and water vapor pressure, for the same period. Totally, This study included data from 6775 patients with CHD.
RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding factors, low air temperature was inversely associated with CHD. Additionally, in the warm season (April-September), the number of daily hospital admissions for CHD was higher (≥24.2°C) if the average daily air temperature was low (≤15.4°C).
CONCLUSIONS: Low air temperature might be a risk factor for CHD among the elderly, especially in the warm season.

BACKGROUND: Choosing the optimal season for conception is a part of family planning since it can positively influence the pregnancy outcome. Changes in the monthly number of infants born with a birth defect can signal prenatal damage - death or malformation - related to a harmful seasonal factor. The aim of our paper was to search for possible seasonal differences in the numbers of new-borns with an orofacial cleft and thus for a period of conception that can increase the risk of orofacial cleft development.
METHODS: Mean monthly numbers of live births in the Bohemia region of the Czech Republic during the years 1964-2000 were compared within a group of 5619 new-borns with various types of orofacial clefts and the control group derived from natality data on 3,080,891 new-borns.
RESULTS: The control group exhibited regular seasonal variation in the monthly numbers of new-borns: significantly more babies born during March-May and fewer babies born during October-December. Similar natural seasonal variation was also found in the group of babies with an orofacial cleft. However, after subdividing the cleft group according to gender and cleft type, in comparison to controls, significant differences appeared in the number of new-born girls with cleft lip during January-March and in the number of boys born with cleft palate in April - May.
CONCLUSIONS: We found significant differences from controls in the number of new-born girls with CL and boys with CP, whose dates of birth correspond to conception from April to August and to the estimated prenatal critical period for cleft formation from May to October. The latter period includes the warm season, when various injurious physical, chemical and biological factors may act on a pregnant woman. This finding should be considered in pregnancy planning. Future studies are necessary to investigate the putative injurious factors during the warm season that can influence pregnancy outcome.

Objectives of this experiment were to evaluate pregnancy per AI (P/AI) and progesterone (P4) concentrations after AI of lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions treated with 100 μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at AI, 5 d after AI, or both. Lactating Holstein cows from two herds were enrolled in the study during summer. Cows detected in estrus based on tail paint removal were allocated to four treatments: (1) control (CON = 722); (2) GnRH treatment at AI (G0 = 739); (3) GnRH treatment 5 d post-AI (G5 = 697); or (4) GnRH treatment at AI and 5 d post-AI (G0+G5 = 697). Blood samples were collected from a subgroup of cows at AI (study d 0), study d 5 and 12 to determine P4 concentrations. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted at study d 36 and 94. Temperature and relative humidity were collected from a meteorological station nearest the herds and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Average THI during study enrollment was 83.8 ± 0.1 and THI at study d 0 tended (P = 0.09) to be associated with P/AI at study d 36, but it was not (P = 0.33) associated with P/AI at study d 94. Treatment with GnRH at AI, 5 d after AI, or both, did not affect (P ≥ 0.64) P/AI at study d 36 or 94. An interaction, however, was detected (P = 0.06) between treatment and lactation number. Such an interaction was observed because, among ≥ third-lactation cows, P/AI was greater for G0+G5 (28.6%) and G5 (25.3%) than CON cows (17.3%) at study d 36. Pregnancy per AI of ≥ third-lactation G0 cows did not (P ≥ 0.11) differ from CON, G5, and G0+G5 cows. No differences in P/AI were detected among treatments in first- and second-lactation cows. Overall, treatments with GnRH at AI, 5 d after AI, or both were not (P = 0.94) associated with P4 concentrations on study d 0, 5 or 12. Among cows diagnosed pregnant at study d 36, progesterone concentration on d 5 was not affected (P ≥ 0.24) by treatments with GnRH at AI, 5 d after AI, or both, but progesterone concentration on d 12 was greater for cows treated with GnRH at AI and 5 d after AI compared with G0 cows. Lactating dairy cows in their third or greater lactation exposed to heat stress conditions with compromised fertility may have increased P/AI after treatment with GnRH 5 d after AI or the combined treatment of GnRH at AI and 5 d after AI because of reduced early embryonic loss.