在气候变暖的情况下,温带外温动物预计会更早孵化,生长更快,增加每个季节的世代数量,即,伏特主义。这里,我们研究过,在实验室条件下,人工变暖和操纵的孵化日期对生活史的影响(电压,出苗时的年龄和质量和生长速率)和生理特性(出苗时的酚氧化酶(PO)活性,作为免疫功能投资的指标)和豆娘Ischnuraelegans的高纬度种群的幼虫存活率。根据两种处理方法的交叉,将幼虫分为四组:早期和晚期孵化日期以及温暖和对照饲养温度。在一个(单伏)或两个(半伏)生长季节中,成组饲养了Damselfly,取决于电压主义。增温温度不影响成活率。然而,与半伏打幼虫相比,变暖增加了单伏打幼虫的数量。孵化物候对伏安没有影响。在变暖条件下饲养的早期孵化幼虫的PO活性升高,不管他们的电压如何,表明对病原体免疫功能的投资增加。PO活性的增加与出苗或生长速率对年龄或质量的影响无关。相反,生活史性状主要受温度和电压的影响。变暖减少了单伏雌性的发育时间,增加了生长速度,但单伏雄性的增长率下降。与孵化物候对生活史特征的影响相比,这表明变暖和伏金力的直接影响更强。结果加强了证据,即变暖世界中的物候变化可能会影响淡水昆虫的生理和生活史。
Under climate warming, temperate ectotherms are expected to hatch earlier and grow faster, increase the number of generations per season, i.e.,
voltinism. Here, we studied, under laboratory conditions, the impact of artificial warming and manipulated hatching dates on life history (
voltinism, age and mass at emergence and growth rate) and physiological traits (phenoloxidase (PO) activity at emergence, as an indicator of investment in immune function) and larval survival rate in high-latitude populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Larvae were divided into four groups based on crossing two treatments: early versus late hatching dates and warmer versus control rearing temperature. Damselflies were reared in groups over the course of one (univoltine) or two (semivoltine) growth seasons, depending on the voltinism. Warming temperature did not affect survival rate. However, warming increased the number of univoltine larvae compared to semivoltine larvae. There was no effect of hatching phenology on
voltinism. Early hatched larvae reared under warming had elevated PO activity, regardless of their voltinism, indicating increased investment in immune function against pathogens. Increased PO activity was not associated with effects on age or mass at emergence or growth rate. Instead, life history traits were mainly affected by temperature and
voltinism. Warming decreased development time and increased growth rate in univoltine females, yet decreased growth rate in univoltine males. This indicates a stronger direct impact of warming and
voltinism compared to impacts of hatching phenology on life history traits. The results strengthen the evidence that phenological shifts in a warming world may affect physiology and life history in freshwater insects.