Urine infections are one of the most prevalent concerns for the healthcare industry that may impair the functioning of the kidney and other renal organs. As a result, early diagnosis and treatment of such infections are essential to avert any future complications. Conspicuously, in the current work, an intelligent system for the early prediction of urine infections has been presented. The proposed framework uses IoT-based sensors for data collection, followed by data encoding and infectious risk factor computation using the XGBoost algorithm over the fog computing platform. Finally, the analysis results along with the health-related information of users are stored in the cloud repository for future analysis. For performance validation, extensive experiments have been carried out, and results are calculated based on real-time patient data. The statistical findings of accuracy (91.45%), specificity (95.96%), sensitivity (84.79%), precision (95.49%), and f-score(90.12%) reveal the significantly improved performance of the proposed strategy over other baseline techniques.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in older adults, mainly due to several age-related risk factors. Symptoms of UTI are atypical in the elderly population, like hypotension, tachycardia, urinary incontinence, poor appetite, drowsiness, frequent falls, and delirium. UTI manifests more commonly and specifically for this age group as delirium or confusion in the absence of a fever. This systematic review aims to highlight the relationship between UTI and delirium in the elderly population by understanding the pathologies individually and collectively. A systematic review is conducted by searching PubMed with regular keywords and major Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) keywords, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria consisted of studies based on male and female human populations above the age of 65 in the English language, available in full text published between 2017 and 2022. However, the exclusion criteria were animal studies, clinical trials, literature published before 2017, and papers published in any other language except English. A total of 106 articles were identified, and nine final studies were selected after a quality assessment, following which a valid relationship between delirium and UTI was identified in this systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Several authors question the performance of systematic renal ultrasound after first urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children, given the high sensitivity of prenatal ultrasounds to detect major malformations and the low prevalence of clinical relevant findings. The aims of this study are to evaluate the yield of renal ultrasound performed after the first UTI in patients aged less than 2 years and to analyse potential risk factors (RF) of altered renal ultrasound.
METHODS: Retrospective study, including patients aged less than 2 years diagnosed with UTI in the Emergency Department between July 2013 and December 2014. Patients with an underlying nephro-urological pathology, previous UTIs and those without prenatal or post-infection renal ultrasound were excluded. Altered renal ultrasound was defined as the presence of dilated urinary tract or structural abnormalities. Potential RF analysed were: male, age less than 3 months, presence of fever and microorganism other than Escherichia coli. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.
RESULTS: A total of 306 patients were included. Altered renal ultrasound was found in 35 cases (11.4%; 95% CI 8.3-15.5): 24 (68.6%) urinary tract dilation, and 11 (31%) structural abnormalities. Among the cases with altered ultrasound, 68.6% were male, 51.4% were younger than 3 months, 74.3% were febrile, and 31.4% were caused by microorganisms other than E. coli, compared to 45% (P=.009), 31.7% (P=.021), 78.2% (P=.597) and 10% (P=.001) of cases with normal ultrasound. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 3 months (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0-4.3, P=.05) and microorganism other than E. coli (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7-8.7, P=.002) remained as RF.
CONCLUSIONS: The yield of renal ultrasound after the first UTI is low. Its indication should be individualised according to the presence of RF: age less than 3 months and microorganism other than E. coli.