结论:精确的基因组工程方法可以被认为是作物目标性状改良的第二范例。有可能克服传统CRISPR/Cas技术施加的限制。随着全球人口的增长,由于高度动荡的气候条件而导致农业生产减少的可能性增加。具有增强的耐受性和对各种压力的生产率提高的抗压作物的第二种范式对于支持全球生产和消费平衡至关重要。尽管传统育种方法大大提高了作物产量和产量,有效的策略有望进一步恢复作物生产力,以满足世界日益增长的粮食需求。CRISPR/Cas,起源于原核生物,近几十年来已经成为一种令人垂涎的基因组编辑工具,以前所未有的方式重塑植物分子生物学,为工程抗逆作物铺平了道路。CRISPR/Cas以其效率而著称,高靶标特异性,和模块化,能够对作物进行精确的基因改造,允许在种质中创建等位基因变异,并开发新的和更多产的农业实践。此外,一系列以CRISPR/Cas方法为前提的先进生物技术增强了基础研究和植物合成生物学工具包。这里,我们描述了基因编辑工具,包括CRISPR/Cas及其模仿工具,如基本和基本编辑,多重基因组编辑,染色体工程随后对作物遗传改良的影响。Further,我们全面讨论了CRISPR/Cas技术的最新进展,包括CRISPR介导的基因驱动,组织特异性基因组编辑,dCas9介导的表观遗传修饰和植物转基因的程序性自我消除。最后,我们强调了基于CRISPR的先进技术在作物遗传改良中的适用性和范围。
CONCLUSIONS: Precise genome engineering approaches could be perceived as a second paradigm for targeted trait improvement in crop plants, with the potential to overcome the constraints imposed by conventional CRISPR/Cas technology. The likelihood of reduced agricultural production due to highly turbulent climatic conditions increases as the global population expands. The second paradigm of stress-resilient crops with enhanced tolerance and increased productivity against various stresses is paramount to support global production and consumption equilibrium. Although traditional breeding approaches have substantially increased crop production and yield, effective strategies are anticipated to restore crop productivity even further in meeting the world\'s increasing food demands. CRISPR/Cas, which originated in prokaryotes, has surfaced as a coveted genome editing tool in recent decades, reshaping plant molecular biology in unprecedented ways and paving the way for engineering stress-tolerant crops. CRISPR/Cas is distinguished by its efficiency, high target specificity, and modularity, enables precise genetic modification of crop plants, allowing for the creation of allelic variations in the germplasm and the development of novel and more productive agricultural practices. Additionally, a slew of advanced biotechnologies premised on the CRISPR/Cas methodologies have augmented fundamental research and plant synthetic biology toolkits. Here, we describe gene editing tools, including CRISPR/Cas and its imitative tools, such as base and prime editing, multiplex genome editing, chromosome engineering followed by their implications in crop genetic improvement. Further, we comprehensively discuss the latest developments of CRISPR/Cas technology including CRISPR-mediated gene drive, tissue-specific genome editing, dCas9 mediated epigenetic modification and programmed self-elimination of transgenes in plants. Finally, we highlight the applicability and scope of advanced CRISPR-based techniques in crop genetic improvement.