非侵入性代理,比如毛皮和羽毛,可能会越来越多地用于评估化学品的潜在暴露,包括痕量金属和类金属。然而,外部污染的数量通常是未知的,并且没有标准的方法来去除毛皮或羽毛中痕量金属的外部污染。迄今为止,发表的研究中有40%与测量毛皮或非人类哺乳动物头发中的痕量金属含量有关,而24%的羽毛研究没有说明任何洗涤方法或在分析之前没有洗涤样品。我们评估了三种去除砷(As)外部污染的洗涤技术,铅(Pb),和锌(Zn)来自蝙蝠皮毛。我们从文献中选择了三种最常用的毛皮洗涤方法。为了测试这些方法,来自伟大的飞狐的毛皮样本(新hibernicus新hibernicus,n=15个人)来自巴布亚新几内亚,保存了八十年(AMNH,美国)被使用。去除的微量金属百分比为87.19%(SD=12.28),As的92.99%(SD=5.5)和88.57%(SD=9.33),54.72%(SD=31.64),55.89%(SD=37.87),Pb为53.93%(SD=41.28),和74.03%(SD=22.96),22.93%(SD=73),使用M2、M3和M4的Zn分别为24.95%(SD=49.5)。我们还评估了四种洗涤技术,以去除砷(As)的外部污染,汞(Hg),和锌(Zn)来自鸟的羽毛。我们确定了文献中用于羽毛的四种最普遍的洗涤技术。我们使用了大角猫头鹰(Bubovirginianus)和大蓝鹭(Ardeaheroias)的羽毛来测试这些方法。去除的微量金属百分比为34.35%(SD=44.22),69.22%(SD=36.5),62.59%(SD=48.37),As和80.89%(SD=14.54),66.97%(SD=13.26),29.4%(标准差=67.06),49.68%(SD=42.33),汞含量为28.88%(SD=69),且<0%(SD=80.1),0%(标准差=29.55),11.23%(SD=47.73),使用M2、M3、M4和M5,Zn分别为57.09%(SD=21.2)。这项研究表明,在生态毒理学和生物监测研究中,在痕量金属分析之前,洗涤毛皮和羽毛样品的重要性。
Non-invasive proxies, such as fur and feathers, are likely to be increasingly used to assess the potential exposure of chemicals, including trace metals and metalloids. However, the amount of external contamination is usually unknown, and there is no standard method for removing external contamination of trace metals in fur or feathers. To date, 40 % of studies published related to the measurement of trace metal levels in fur or the hair of non-human mammals and 24 % of studies in feathers do not state any washing methods or did not wash the samples before analysis. We assessed three washing techniques to remove external contamination of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from bat fur. We selected the three most frequently used fur washing methods from literature. To test these methods, fur samples from great flying foxes (Pteropus neohibernicus neohibernicus, n=15 individuals) from Papua New Guinea preserved over eight decades (AMNH, USA) were used. Percentages of trace metal removed are 87.19 % (SD= 12.28), 92.99 % (SD= 5.5) and 88.57 % (SD= 9.33) for As, 54.72 % (SD= 31.64), 55.89 % (SD= 37.87), and 53.93 % (SD= 41.28) for Pb, and 74.03 % (SD= 22.96), 22.93 % (SD= 73), and 24.95 % (SD= 49.5) for Zn using M2, M3, and M4, respectively. We also assessed four washing techniques to remove external contamination of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) from bird feathers. We identified the four most prevalent washing techniques in the literature used for feathers. We used feathers from the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) and the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) to test these methods. Percentages of trace metal removed are 34.35 % (SD= 44.22), 69.22 % (SD= 36.5), 62.59 % (SD= 48.37), and 80.89 % (SD= 14.54) for As, 66.97 % (SD= 13.26), 29.4 % (SD= 67.06), 49.68 % (SD= 42.33), and 28.88 % (SD= 69) for Hg, and <0 % (SD= 80.1), 0 % (SD= 29.55), 11.23 % (SD= 47.73), and 57.09 % (SD= 21.2) for Zn using M2, M3, M4, and M5, respectively. This study shows the importance of washing fur and feather samples prior to trace metals analyses in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring studies.