背景:微塑料(MP)是尺寸高达5mm的塑料颗粒。由于他们的坚持,全球分布在不同的生态系统和潜在的人类健康影响,在过去的十年里,他们得到了越来越多的关注。然而,人类通过不同途径接触MP的程度及其摄入量尚未阐明。
目的:本综述的目的是概述吸入MP的途径,摄取,和皮肤接触,考虑到空气中MP的公开参考书目数据,灰尘,食物,水和饮料。
方法:在室外和室内空气中使用MP上的关键字对Scopus和PubMed进行了书目搜索,室内灰尘,食物,包括饮料和水和人体摄入量(n=521)。文章按标题和摘要排序(n=213),仅报告MP鉴定和定量技术的研究被进一步考虑(n=168).本综述最后讨论了包括质量保证和质量控制(QA/QC)程序在内的115篇文章。根据文献中的MP浓度数据,我们估计了潜在的吸入剂量(ID),灰尘摄入量(DI),通过食品和饮料估计的每日摄入量(EDI)。最后,考虑到吸入和摄入途径的每日总摄入量(TDI)是为成年人提供的,婴儿和新生儿。
结果:室外和室内空气中MP的浓度,灰尘,根据参考书目提供食物和水。人体通过吸尘暴露于MP,吸入空气和食物/饮料的消耗表明,室内空气和饮用水是MP的主要来源。
结论:这项研究表明,人类经常接触MP,室内环境以及我们摄入的食物和水决定了MP的摄入量。此外,我们强调,婴儿和新生儿暴露于高浓度的MP,因此需要进一步的研究来评估这一脆弱年龄人群中MP的存在和风险.
Microplastics (MP) are plastic particles with dimension up to 5 mm. Due to their persistence, global spread across different ecosystems and potential human health effects, they have gained increasing attention during the last decade. However, the extent of human exposure to MP through different pathways and their intake have not been elucidated.
The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the pathways of exposure to MP through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact considering data from the open bibliography on MP in air, dust, food, water and drinks.
A bibliographic search on Scopus and PubMed was conducted using keywords on MP in outdoor and indoor air, indoor dust, food including beverages and water and human intake (n = 521). Articles were sorted by their title and abstract (n = 213), and only studies reporting MP identification and quantification techniques were further considered (n = 168). A total of 115 articles that include quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures are finally discussed in the present review. Based on MP concentration data available in literature, we estimated the potential inhaled dose (ID), dust intake (DI), the estimated daily intake (EDI) via food and beverages. Finally, the total daily intake (TDI) considering both inhalation and ingestion routes are provided for adults, infants and newborns.
The concentrations of MP in outdoor and indoor air, dust, and in food and water are provided according to the bibliography. Human exposure to MP through dust ingestion, inhalation of air and food/drinks consumption revealed that indoor air and drinking waters were the main sources of MP.
This study reveals that humans are constantly exposed to MP, and that the indoor environment and the food and water we ingest decisively contribute to MP intake. Additionally, we highlight that infants and newborns are exposed to high MP concentrations and further studies are needed to evaluate the presence and risk of MP in this vulnerable age-population.