男女由于天气变化和气候变化而对健康造成不利影响的脆弱性并不相同。在过去十年中,乌干达是世界上受极端天气事件影响最严重的国家之一。然而,关于天气变化与健康之间的联系以及这些健康影响发生的可能途径,仍然有有限的性别经验证据。因此,这项研究分析了天气变化对疾病的影响,以及在乌干达工作年龄的男女中,“时间负担”在多大程度上调节了天气异常与疾病之间的关系。该研究还量化了如果资源均衡,将消除的健康不平等。
社会经济,健康和时间使用数据来自世界银行生活水平测量研究-农业综合调查(LSMS-ISA),结合高分辨率遥感天气数据。对2009年至2014年收集的四个家庭调查波的国家代表性汇总数据集进行了两部分和非线性分解回归分析,其中包括22,469名年龄在15至64岁之间的男性和女性。
实证结果表明,低于长期平均值的低降雨量使女性和男性患病的可能性至少增加了8和6个百分点,分别。在妇女中,低降雨量通过取水途径对疾病的间接影响估计为0.16个百分点。分解结果显示,男女健康不平等将缩小27-61%,如果禀赋相等。
促进妇女赋权的战略(如教育、劳动力参与,获得金融服务和清洁水),健康适应和时间减贫战略(如雨水收集和改善获得优质医疗保健的机会)将减少乌干达基于性别的健康不平等,尽管气候条件不断变化。
Vulnerabilities of men and women to adverse health effects due to weather variability and climate change are not equal. Uganda was among the countries in the world most affected by extreme weather events during the last decade. However, there is still limited gendered empirical evidence on the links between weather variability and health and the possible pathways through which these health effects occur. Therefore, this study analyses the effect of weather variability on illness, and the extent to which water collection \'time burden\' mediates the relationship between weather anomalies and illness among men and women of working age in Uganda. The study also quantifies the health inequalities to be eliminated if resources are equalized.
Socioeconomic, health and time use data were obtained from the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Studies - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS -ISA), combined with high resolution remotely-sensed weather data. Two-parts and non-linear decomposition regression analysis were used on the national representative pooled dataset from the four household survey waves collected between 2009 to 2014, comprising a total of 22,469 men and women aged between 15 and 64 years.
Empirical results show that low rainfall below the long-term mean increased the likelihood of illness by at least 8 and 6 percentage points for women and men, respectively. The indirect effect of low rainfall on illness through water access pathway was estimated at 0.16 percentage points in women. Decomposition results reveal that health inequalities among women and men would have been narrowed by 27-61%, if endowments were equalized.
Strategies that promote women empowerment (such as education, labor force participation, access to financial services and clean water), health adaptation and time poverty reduction strategies (such as rain water harvesting and improved access to quality health care) would reduce gender-based health inequalities in Uganda despite changing climatic conditions.